{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:48:31Z","timestamp":1792190911732,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Headache disorders have been associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression in a large sample of individuals with different headache disorders (HDs) in order to determine whether their frequency differs by headache type. Methods: Consecutive individuals with headache attending a headache outpatient clinic were interviewed with the HAM-D and HAM-A, along with age, sex, and education matched non-headache individuals. Results: Individuals numbering 2673 with headache (females 71.2%) and 464 non-headache individuals (females 70.9%) were interviewed (with participation rates of 98.3% and 91.0%, respectively). Migraine was diagnosed in 49.7%, tension-type headache in 38%, cluster headache 5.2%, and medication overuse (MO) in 21.8%. Participants with HD scored more in HAM-A (OR = 4.741, CI95%: 3.855\u20135.831, p &lt; 0.001) and HAM-D scales (OR = 2.319, CI95%: 1.892\u20132.842, p &lt; 0.001) than non-headache individuals. Participants with chronic HDs (\u226515 days with headache for \u22653 consecutive months; 52.5%) scored higher for both HAM-A (OR = 1.944, CI95%: 1.640\u20132.303, p &lt; 0.001) and HAM-D (OR = 1.625, CI95%: 1.359\u20131.944, p &lt; 0.001) than those with episodic HDs (33.1%), as did participants with MO vs. participants without MO (OR = 3.418, CI95%: 2.655\u20134.399, p &lt; 0.001 for HAM-A, OR = 3.043, CI95%: 2.322\u20133.986, p &lt; 0.001 for HAM-D). Female and low-educated participants scored higher on both scales. Conclusion: Because symptoms of anxiety and depression are substantial in people with HD, the treating physicians should look out for such symptoms and manage them appropriately.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T08:17:29Z","timestamp":1710749849000},"page":"356-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Headache Disorders: An Observational, Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Mantonakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Psychiatry Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Belesioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina I.","family":"Deligianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Neurology Department, Athens Naval Hospital, Deinokratous 70, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilis","family":"Natsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Psychiatry Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euthimia","family":"Mitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Kasioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lypiridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimos D.","family":"Mitsikostas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, V. Sofia\u2019s Avenue 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020). 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