{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:55:30Z","timestamp":1789556130687,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent yet underdiagnosed condition in pregnancy, associated with various maternal and fetal complications. This review synthesizes the current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and neurological consequences of OSA in pregnancy, along with the potential management strategies. Articles were sourced from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases until 2023. Our comprehensive review highlights that the incidence of OSA increases during pregnancy due to physiological changes such as weight gain and hormonal fluctuations. OSA in pregnancy is linked with gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and potential adverse fetal outcomes such as intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the most effective management strategy for pregnant women with OSA. However, adherence to CPAP therapy is often suboptimal. This comprehensive review underscores the importance of the early recognition, timely diagnosis, and effective management of OSA in pregnancy to improve both maternal and fetal outcomes. Future research should focus on enhancing screening strategies and improving adherence to CPAP therapy in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16030039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1715079610000},"page":"522-532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Maternal and Fetal Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"La Via","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Policlinico \u201cG.Rodolico\u2014San Marco\u201d Hospital, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basilio","family":"Pecorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito","family":"Chiofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1618-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Scibilia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Giovanni Paolo II Hospital, ASP 7, 97100 Ragusa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5556-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6275-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Scollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"908","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"26","author":"Kirsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15015","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.15","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Kohler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60734-5","article-title":"Adult obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"383","author":"Jordan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iannella, G., and Magliulo, G. (2022). Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: From Symptoms to Treatment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042459"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-017-0006-y","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"32","author":"West","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2012.05.004","article-title":"Physiologic changes during normal pregnancy and delivery","volume":"30","author":"Ouzounian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S351946","article-title":"Clinical Predictors of Mixed Apneas in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/164_2021_558","article-title":"Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"Volume 274","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1506331","article-title":"The effect of obesity on lung function","volume":"12","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1139\/H07-120","article-title":"Chemical and mechanical adaptations of the respiratory system at rest and during exercise in human pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64240-0.00010-6","article-title":"Sleep and sleep disorders in pregnancy","volume":"Volume 172","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2022.11.004","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea and sleep disorders in pregnancy","volume":"85","author":"Middleton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-013-0849-9","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in pregnancy: A review of the physiology and potential role for positional therapy","volume":"18","author":"Morong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542.E1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.01.021","article-title":"NuMoM2b Sleep-Disordered Breathing study: Objectives and methods","volume":"212","author":"Facco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001805","article-title":"Association Between Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"129","author":"Facco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1363768","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing in a high-risk cohort prevalence and severity across pregnancy","volume":"31","author":"Facco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1519-7517","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy, Influencing Factors and Quality of Life","volume":"226","author":"Sert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Z. Geburtshilfe Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23430","article-title":"Cytokines and pregnancy: Potential regulation by histone deacetylases","volume":"88","author":"Munro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"e30387","article-title":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Tayade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"170","article-title":"Sleep disordered breathing in pregnancy: The maternal and fetal implications","volume":"37","author":"Carnelio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R11","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0046","article-title":"The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: Intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal\u2013fetal homeostasis","volume":"164","author":"Galaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15007","article-title":"Anticipated difficult airway during obstetric general anaesthesia: Narrative literature review and management recommendations","volume":"75","author":"Mushambi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103623","article-title":"Evaluation of ultrasound airway assessment parameters in pregnant patients and their comparison with that of non-pregnant women: A prospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Vajanthri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000125436.28861.09","article-title":"Plasma volume and blood pressure regulation in hypertensive pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Ganzevoort","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719108329095","article-title":"Inflammation and pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"Challis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1582397","article-title":"Inflammation in Complicated Pregnancy and Its Outcome","volume":"33","author":"Kalagiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e31815a5494","article-title":"Metabolic changes in pregnancy","volume":"50","author":"Lain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Metabolic Physiology in Pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Meo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JPMA J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2022.03.001","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of placentae from women with obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"121","author":"Johns","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr166","article-title":"Placental hypoxia and foetal development versus alcohol exposure in pregnancy","volume":"47","author":"Bosco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00043.2017","article-title":"Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity","volume":"98","author":"Ducsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90774-8","article-title":"Effects of hypoxia on the mother and fetus with emphasis on maternal air transport","volume":"142","author":"Parer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-023-01295-3","article-title":"Association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1188-9","article-title":"Sleep disorders in pregnancy and their association with pregnancy outcomes: A prospective observational study","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"7","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Wadhera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.08.012","article-title":"Insomnia, sleep duration, and risk of anxiety: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"155","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0664-7","article-title":"Depression during Pregnancy and Postpartum","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101583","article-title":"Sleep and anxiety: From mechanisms to interventions","volume":"61","author":"Chellappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0025","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: Challenges in disease detection and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Lindsay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-017-1475-8","article-title":"Oxidative and carbonyl stress in pregnant women with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03449-8","article-title":"Poor sleep Quality and Obstructive Sleep Apnea are Associated with Maternal Mood, and Anxiety Disorders in Pregnancy","volume":"26","author":"Rubio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"37","article-title":"Cancer in pregnancy: Proposal of an italian multicenter study. Gynecologic oncology group of the italian society of gynecology and obstetrics (SIGO)","volume":"30","author":"Sartori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01343-2","article-title":"Sleep during Pregnancy","volume":"24","author":"Meers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0999-y","article-title":"Maternal Sleep in Pregnancy and Postpartum Part I: Mental, Physical, and Interpersonal Consequences","volume":"21","author":"Christian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.005","article-title":"Sleep quality during pregnancy: A meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sedov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13207","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13207","article-title":"Insomnia symptoms during pregnancy: A meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Sedov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730419844650","article-title":"Pregnancy Induces an Earlier Chronotype in Both Mice and Women","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-022-03374-3","article-title":"Use of ketamine in patients with refractory severe asthma exacerbations: Systematic review of prospective studies","volume":"78","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.10.011","article-title":"Maternal Sleep-Disordered Breathing","volume":"153","author":"Pamidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002132","article-title":"Sleep Disorder Diagnosis During Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth","volume":"130","author":"Felder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"445","article-title":"\u03b1-2 agonists vs. fentanyl as adjuvants for spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section: A meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Santonocito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.09.003","article-title":"Short sleep duration and hyperglycemia in pregnancy: Aggregate and individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Reutrakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14375","article-title":"Relationships between objective sleep parameters and inflammatory biomarkers in pregnancy","volume":"1473","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2018.1525341","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for restless legs syndrome during pregnancy in a Northern Italian population","volume":"39","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3438","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011082","article-title":"New onset of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy in a prospective multiracial cohort: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"95","author":"Na","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goecke, T.W., Schnakenberg, P., Frensch, M., and Chechko, N. (2020). Restless Legs Syndrome During Pregnancy and 12 Weeks Postpartum and its Links to Cardiovascular Diseases, Stressful Life Events, and Psychiatric History. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9093046"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318200d779","article-title":"Transient RLS during pregnancy is a risk factor for the chronic idiopathic form","volume":"75","author":"Cesnik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-014-0946-4","article-title":"A systematic review and quantitative assessment of sleep-disordered breathing during pregnancy and perinatal outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.07.033","article-title":"Maternal sleep-disordered breathing and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"210","author":"Pamidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"399","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and pregnancy: The effect on perinatal outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Fung","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"855","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy: A prospective study of fetal growth","volume":"12","author":"Kneitel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.06.035","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal outcomes: A national cohort","volume":"38","author":"Bourjeily","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"588","article-title":"The relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Pien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3644","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and severe maternal-infant morbidity\/mortality in the United States, 1998\u20132009","volume":"37","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-012-2602-1","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea screening and perinatal outcomes in Korean pregnant women","volume":"287","author":"Ko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.2350\/15-06-1647-OA.1","article-title":"Evidence of placental hypoxia in maternal sleep disordered breathing","volume":"18","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dev. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2004.12.007","article-title":"Sleep complaints: Snoring and daytime sleepiness in pregnant and pre-eclamptic women","volume":"6","author":"Izci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32833f0d55","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing and pregnancy: Potential mechanisms and evidence for maternal and fetal morbidity","volume":"16","author":"Pien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2348","article-title":"Interactions between pregnancy, obstructive sleep apnea, and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"98","author":"Reutrakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.25","article-title":"Association of adverse perinatal outcomes with screening measures of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"34","author":"Antony","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92140-1","article-title":"Reversal of obstructive sleep apnoea by continuous positive airway pressure applied through the nares","volume":"1","author":"Sullivan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.3.381","article-title":"Evaluation of positive airway pressure treatment for sleep related breathing disorders in adults","volume":"29","author":"Gay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/29.3.375","article-title":"Practice parameters for the use of continuous and bilevel positive airway pressure devices to treat adult patients with sleep-related breathing disorders","volume":"29","author":"Kushida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollicina, I., Maniaci, A., Lechien, J.R., Iannella, G., Vicini, C., Cammaroto, G., Cannavicci, A., Magliulo, G., Pace, A., and Cocuzza, S. (2021). Neurocognitive Performance Improvement after Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment: State of the Art. Behav. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11120180"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000052627.99976.18","article-title":"Elevated levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome are decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure","volume":"107","author":"Yokoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00177.2002","article-title":"Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1","volume":"94","author":"Ohga","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00010905","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia is associated with sleep-disordered breathing and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"Yinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00589.x","article-title":"The effect of short-term withdrawal from continuous positive airway pressure therapy on sympathetic activity and markers of vascular inflammation in subjects with obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"16","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.04.020","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: Part 1. Early intervention with nasal CPAP in pregnant women with risk-factors for pre-eclampsia: Preliminary findings","volume":"9","author":"Guilleminault","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2007.04.019","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia and nasal CPAP: Part 2. Hypertension during pregnancy, chronic snoring, and early nasal CPAP intervention","volume":"9","author":"Poyares","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"311","article-title":"CPAP for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Pregnancy to Improve Maternal-Fetal Outcomes: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Nugent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.05.004","article-title":"A review of the associations between obstructive sleep apnea and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and possible mechanisms of disease","volume":"42","author":"Dominguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"e060612","article-title":"Sleep Apnea during Pregnancy: Evaluation of Risks (SAFER) clinical trial: Study protocol for a multicentre, prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Hincker","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/16\/3\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:12Z","timestamp":1760107272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/16\/3\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint16030039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint16030039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]]}}}