{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:51:58Z","timestamp":1790445118724,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":278,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The innate immune response aims to prevent pathogens from entering the organism and\/or to facilitate pathogen clearance. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, mast cells (MCs), natural killer cells and neutrophils, bear pattern recognition receptors and are thus able to recognize common molecular patterns, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the later occurring in the context of neuroinflammation. An inflammatory component in the pathology of otherwise \u201cprimary cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative\u201d disease has recently been recognized and targeted as a means of therapeutic intervention. Activated MCs are multifunctional effector cells generated from hematopoietic stem cells that, together with dendritic cells, represent first-line immune defense mechanisms against pathogens and\/or tissue destruction. Methods: This review aims to summarize evidence of MC implication in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, namely, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Results: In view of recent evidence that the gut\u2013brain axis may be implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and the characterization of the neuroinflammatory component in the pathology of these diseases, this review also focuses on MCs as potential mediators in the gut\u2013brain axis bi-directional communication and the possible role of Helicobacter pylori, a gastric pathogen known to alter the gut\u2013brain axis homeostasis towards local and systemic pro-inflammatory responses. Conclusion: As MCs and Helicobacter pylori infection may offer targets of intervention with potential therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disease, more clinical and translational evidence is needed to elucidate this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16060127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T09:55:20Z","timestamp":1733478920000},"page":"1750-1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Mast Cell Activation on Neurodegeneration: A Potential Role for Gut\u2013Brain Axis and Helicobacter pylori Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-5163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Boziki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8607-6695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschalis","family":"Theotokis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7234-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Kesidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Nella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4737-3707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Bakirtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Karafoulidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Midwifery Department, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of West Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0396-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Doulberis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Gastroklinik, Private Gastroenterological Practice, 8810 Horgen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Kazakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Deretzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 54629 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4278-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Grigoriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, the Multiple Sclerosis Center, 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannis","family":"Kountouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105892","article-title":"Neurophysiological methods for 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