{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:25:17Z","timestamp":1793733917654,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine with aura (MwA) is a common and severely disabling neurological disorder, characterised by transient yet recurrent visual disturbances, including scintillating scotomas, flickering photopsias, and complex geometric patterns. These episodic visual phenomena significantly compromise daily functioning, productivity, and overall quality of life. Despite extensive research, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain only partially understood. Cortical spreading depression (CSD), a propagating wave of neuronal and glial depolarisation, has been identified as a central process in MwA. This phenomenon is triggered by ion channel dysfunction, leading to elevated intracellular calcium levels and excessive glutamate release, which contribute to widespread cortical hyperexcitability. Genetic studies, particularly involving the CACNA gene family, further implicate dysregulation of calcium channels in the pathogenesis of MwA. Recent advances in neuroimaging, particularly functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), have provided critical insights into the neurophysiology of MwA. These results support the central role of CSD as a basic mechanism behind MwA and imply that cortical dysfunction endures beyond brief episodes, possibly due to chronic neuronal dysregulation or hyperexcitability. The visual cortex of MwA patients exhibits activation patterns in comparison to other neuroimaging studies, supporting the possibility that it is a disease-specific biomarker. Its distinctive sensory and cognitive characteristics are influenced by a complex interplay of cortical, vascular, and genetic factors, demonstrating the multifactorial nature of MwA. We now know much more about the pathophysiology of MwA thanks to the combination of molecular and genetic research with sophisticated neuroimaging techniques like arterial spin labelling (ASL) and fMRI. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge and analyse molecular and neurophysiological targets, providing a foundation for developing targeted therapies to modulate cortical excitability, restore neural network stability, and alleviate the burden of migraine with aura. The most important and impactful research in our field has been the focus of this review, which highlights important developments and their contributions to the knowledge and treatment of migraine with aura.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17020015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T05:47:42Z","timestamp":1737438462000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["fMRI Insights into Visual Cortex Dysfunction as a Biomarker for Migraine with Aura"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1789-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Pikor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Banaszek-Hurla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicja","family":"Drelichowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Hurla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8241-0403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Dorszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Hearing Center, Bioimaging Research Center of Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 05-830 Kajetany, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kozubski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Neurology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414532378","article-title":"Structural gray matter abnormalities in migraine relate to headache lateralization, but not aura","volume":"35","author":"Hougaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pikor, D., Hur\u0142a, M., S\u0142owikowski, B., Szymanowicz, O., Poszwa, J., Banaszek, N., Drelichowska, A., Jagodzi\u0144ski, P.P., Kozubski, W., and Dorszewska, J. (2024). Calcium ions in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252313133"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, M., Prendecki, M., Piekut, T., Kozubski, W., and Dorszewska, J. (2021). Migraine: Calcium channels and glia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052688"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farag\u00f3, P., T\u00f3th, E., Kocsis, K., Kincses, B., Ver\u00e9b, D., Kir\u00e1ly, A., Bozsik, B., Tajti, J., P\u00e1rdutz, \u00c1., and Szok, D. (2019). Altered resting state functional activity and microstructure of the white matter in migraine with aura. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01039"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412474503","article-title":"Interictal cortical hyperresponsiveness in migraine is directly related to the presence of aura","volume":"33","author":"Datta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415584360","article-title":"Increased interictal visual network connectivity in patients with migraine with aura","volume":"36","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01506-9","article-title":"Altered functional connectivity of the right caudate nucleus in chronic migraine: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"23","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283466c8e","article-title":"Advances in understanding the mechanisms of migraine-type photophobia","volume":"24","author":"Noseda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.190223","article-title":"Photophobia in migraine: An interictal PET study of cortical hyperexcitability and its modulation by pain","volume":"81","author":"Boulloche","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416652091","article-title":"Migraine classification using magnetic resonance imaging resting-state functional connectivity data","volume":"37","author":"Chong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1002-3","article-title":"Advanced visual network and cerebellar hyperresponsiveness to trigeminal nociception in migraine with aura","volume":"20","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102415578428","article-title":"White matter microstructure abnormalities in pediatric migraine patients","volume":"35","author":"Messina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-019-1071-3","article-title":"White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: A diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"21","author":"Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Planchuelo-G\u00f3mez, \u00c1., Garc\u00eda-Azor\u00edn, D., Guerrero, \u00c1., Luis-Garc\u00eda, R., Rodr\u00edguez, M., and Aja-Fern\u00e1ndez, S. (2020). Alternative microstructural measures to complement diffusion tensor imaging in migraine studies with standard MRI acquisition. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10100711"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183717","article-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine","volume":"75","author":"Pietrobon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30435-0","article-title":"The pathophysiology of migraine: Implications for clinical management","volume":"17","author":"Charles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1517\/13543780902913792","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of novel glutamate receptor antagonists in migraine","volume":"18","author":"Andreou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411415878","article-title":"Trigger factors for familial hemiplegic migraine","volume":"31","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.01.029","article-title":"A systems neuroscience approach to migraine","volume":"97","author":"Brennan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0373-15.2015","article-title":"Migraine: Multiple processes, complex pathophysiology","volume":"35","author":"Burstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"6","article-title":"Familial hemiplegic migraine and spreading depression","volume":"8","author":"Kazemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.114","article-title":"The role of CaV2.1 channel facilitation in synaptic facilitation","volume":"26","author":"Weyrer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01547-8","article-title":"Genetics of migraine: Where are we now?","volume":"24","author":"Grangeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.026716","article-title":"The familial hemiplegic migraine mutation R192Q reduces G-protein-mediated inhibition of P\/Q-type (CaV2.1) calcium channels expressed in human embryonic kidney cells","volume":"546","author":"Melliti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03255-5","article-title":"Whole exome sequencing of hemiplegic migraine patients shows an increased burden of missense variants in CACNA1H and CACNA1I genes","volume":"60","author":"Maksemous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13107","article-title":"Possible involvement of the CACNA1E gene in migraine: A search for single nucleotide polymorphism in different clinical phenotypes","volume":"57","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412463494","article-title":"CACNA1H antibodies associated with headache with neurological deficits and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytosis (HaNDL)","volume":"33","author":"Kaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x","article-title":"Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: Definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karsan, N., Silva, E., and Goadsby, P.J. (2023). Evaluating migraine with typical aura with neuroimaging. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1112790"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0232-19.2019","article-title":"CSD-Induced Arterial Dilatation and Plasma Protein Extravasation Are Unaffected by Fremanezumab: Implications for CGRP\u2019s Role in Migraine with Aura","volume":"39","author":"Schain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01375-8","article-title":"Characteristics of N400 component elicited in patients who have migraine with aura","volume":"22","author":"Petrusic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420933263","article-title":"Insights into chronic migraine pathophysiology\u2014What measures of gray matter reveal","volume":"40","author":"DeSouza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400378","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400378","article-title":"Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxamide Proligands and their Cu(II)\/Zn(II) Complexes Targeting Staphylococcus aureus for the Attenuation of In Vivo Dental Biofilm","volume":"13","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puledda, F., Ffytche, D., O\u2019Daly, O., and Goadsby, P.J. (2019). Imaging the visual network in the migraine spectrum. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01325"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.08.032","article-title":"Reduced motor cortical inhibition in migraine: A blinded transcranial magnetic stimulation study","volume":"128","author":"Neverdahl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70193-0","article-title":"Functional MRI of migraine","volume":"14","author":"Schwedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03331024221128278","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221128278","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging in migraine: A systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Schramm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.02015.x","article-title":"History of migraine with aura and cortical spreading depression from 1941 and onwards","volume":"30","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417723570","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in children presenting migraine with aura: Association of hypoperfusion detected by arterial spin labelling and vasospasm on MR angiography findings","volume":"38","author":"Cadiot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0287-16.2016","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0287-16.2016","article-title":"Cortical spreading depression promotes persistent mechanical sensitization of intracranial meningeal afferents: Implications for the intracranial mechanosensitivity of migraine","volume":"3","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"eNeuro."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006982","article-title":"Migraine prophylaxis, ischemic depolarizations, and stroke outcomes in mice","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416645933","article-title":"Animal models of monogenic migraine","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183ra56","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005784","article-title":"Casein kinase I\u03b4 mutations in familial migraine and advanced sleep phase","volume":"5","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17719430","article-title":"Effect of hypoxia on BOLD fMRI response and total cerebral blood flow in migraine with aura patients","volume":"39","author":"Arngrim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26072","article-title":"Amylin analog pramlintide induces migraine-like attacks in patients","volume":"89","author":"Ghanizada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labastida-Ram\u00edrez, A., Rubio-Beltr\u00e1n, E., Holland, P.R., and Hoffmann, J. (2024). Sexually dimorphic effects of Amylin 1 receptor activation in trigeminovascular neurons. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.12.575235"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, T.A., Russo, A.F., O\u2019Carroll, S.J., Hay, D.L., and Walker, C.S. (2022). CGRP and the calcitonin receptor are co-expressed in mouse, rat and human trigeminal ganglia neurons. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.860037"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2023.07.003","article-title":"Calcitonin\/PAC1 receptor splice variants: A blind spot in migraine research","volume":"44","author":"Rees","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Karagholi, M.A. (2023). Involvement of potassium channel signalling in migraine pathophysiology. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16030438"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn307","article-title":"PACAP38 induces migraine-like attacks in patients with migraine without aura","volume":"132","author":"Schytz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419864507","article-title":"PACAP27 induces migraine-like attacks in migraine patients","volume":"40","author":"Ghanizada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"VIP and PACAP receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1","volume":"2023","author":"Fahrenkrug","year":"2023","journal-title":"IUPHAR\/BPS Guide Pharmacol. CITE"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0893-8","article-title":"PACAP38 and PAC1 receptor blockade: A new target for headache?","volume":"19","author":"Correnti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15700","article-title":"Characterisation of agonist signalling profiles and agonist-dependent antagonism at PACAP-responsive receptors: Implications for drug discovery","volume":"179","author":"Tasma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01796-1","article-title":"Provocation of attacks to discover migraine signaling mechanisms and new drug targets: Early history and future perspectives\u2014A narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Olesen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01889-x","article-title":"Hallmarks of primary headache: Part 1\u2014Migraine","volume":"25","author":"Raggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06976","article-title":"What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI","volume":"453","author":"Logothetis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2201","article-title":"Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"8","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Tommaso, M., Vecchio, E., Quitadamo, S.G., Coppola, G., Di Renzo, A., Parisi, V., Silvestro, M., Russo, A., and Tedeschi, G. (2021). Pain-Related Brain Connectivity Changes in Migraine: A Narrative Review and Proof of Concept about Possible Novel Treatments Interference. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11020234"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"637","article-title":"Structural and functional brain alterations in migraine","volume":"9","author":"Schwedt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419833087","article-title":"Functional connectivity of hypothalamus in chronic migraine with medication overuse","volume":"39","author":"Lerebours","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farahani, F.V., Karwowski, W., and Lighthall, N.R. (2019). Application of graph Theory for identifying connectivity patterns in human brain networks: A systematic review. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00585"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12108","article-title":"Can functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest shed light on the pathophysiology of migraine?","volume":"53","author":"Sprenger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00609.x","article-title":"Enhanced interictal responsiveness of the migraineous visual cortex to incongruent bar stimulation: A functional MRI visual activation study","volume":"23","author":"Vincent","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22361","article-title":"Interhemispheric differences of fMRI responses to visual stimuli in patients with side-fixed migraine aura","volume":"35","author":"Hougaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000057977.06681.11","article-title":"Evidence for cortical functional changes in patients with migraine and white matter abnormalities on conventional and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Rocca","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1050-9","article-title":"From neuroimaging to clinical setting: What have we learned from migraine pain?","volume":"33","author":"Colombo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12024","article-title":"Human studies in the pathophysiology of migraine: Genetics and functional neuroimaging","volume":"53","author":"Cutrer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02274.x","article-title":"Structural and functional neuroimaging in migraine: Insights from 3 decades of research","volume":"53","author":"Lakhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22537","article-title":"Altered functional magnetic resonance imaging resting-state connectivity in periaqueductal gray networks in migraine","volume":"70","author":"Mainero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1590\/s1679-45082017ao3719","article-title":"Interictal abnormal fMRI activation of visual areas during a motor task cued by visual stimuli in migraine","volume":"15","author":"Conforto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(10)97023-1","article-title":"Migraine\u2014Clinical neurophysiology","volume":"97","author":"Ambrosini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071582498","article-title":"Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex","volume":"98","author":"Hadjikhani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01684.x","article-title":"The role of general practitioners in migraine management","volume":"28","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cephalalgia Int. J. Headache"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0571-88","article-title":"The neurophysiology of migraine","volume":"224","author":"Richards","year":"1971","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"S288","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials in migraine","volume":"25","author":"Spreafico","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci. Off. J. Ital. Neurol. Soc. Ital. Soc. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910300317","article-title":"4 Tesla gradient recalled echo characteristics of photic stimulation-induced signal changes in the human primary visual cortex","volume":"30","author":"Menon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2917","article-title":"Alterations of regional spontaneous neuronal activity and corresponding brain circuit changes during resting state in migraine without aura","volume":"26","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1796","article-title":"Regional homogeneity abnormalities in patients with interictal migraine without aura: A resting-state study","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0394","article-title":"Neuronal mechanisms of perceptual learning: Changes in human brain activity with training in orientation discrimination","volume":"9","author":"Schiltz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Granziera, C., DaSilva, A.F., Snyder, J., Tuch, D.S., and Hadjikhan, N. (2006). Anatomical alterations of the visual motion processing network in migraine with and without aura. PLoS Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030402"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01502.x","article-title":"The brain is hyperexcitable in migraine","volume":"27","author":"Aurora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413477739","article-title":"Pearls and pitfalls: Electrophysiology for primary headaches","volume":"33","author":"Magis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700668104","article-title":"Electro-physiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain","volume":"104","author":"Mantini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182074a57","article-title":"A PET study of photophobia during spontaneous migraine attacks","volume":"76","author":"Denuelle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01388.x","article-title":"Migraine aura and related phenomena: Beyond scotomata and scintillations","volume":"27","author":"Vincent","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.005","article-title":"Functional 1H-MRS findings in migraine patients with and without aura assessed interictally","volume":"24","author":"Sarchielli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr248","article-title":"Abnormal changes of synaptic excitability in migraine with aura","volume":"22","author":"Siniatchkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412474508","article-title":"From neuroimaging to the bedside: Take the sheets off the thalamus","volume":"33","author":"Coppola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., Hao, Z., Li, M., Zhao, M., Wen, J., Gao, Y., Wang, Q., Xi, H., Antki, C.O., and Jia, X. (2023). Resting-state abnormalities in functional connectivity of the default mode network in migraine: A meta-analysis. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1136790"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412457089","article-title":"Executive resting-state network connectivity in migraine without aura","volume":"32","author":"Russo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.01.019","article-title":"Grey matter alterations in migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x","article-title":"Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: A synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion","volume":"1251","author":"Ochsner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12378","article-title":"The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura, and \u201cvisual snow\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Schankin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq268","article-title":"Association between functional connectivity hubs and brain networks","volume":"21","author":"Tomasi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13512","article-title":"Recent insights in migraine with aura: A narrative review of advanced neuroimaging","volume":"59","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15061","article-title":"Functional connectivity changes in complex migraine aura: Beyond the visual network","volume":"29","author":"Silvestro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0692-z","article-title":"Increased default mode network connectivity and increased regional homogeneity in migraineurs without aura","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e741","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008962","article-title":"An fMRI-based neural marker for migraine without aura","volume":"94","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6560298","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6560298","article-title":"Intrinsic brain functional activity abnormalities in episodic tension-type headache","volume":"2023","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01341-4","article-title":"Regional homogeneity alterations in multi-frequency bands in tension-type headache: A resting-state fMRI study","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Gao, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Li, X., Lin, H., Xiong, L., and Huang, C. (2022). Decreased degree centrality values as a potential neuroimaging biomarker for migraine: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study and support vector machine analysis. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1105592"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410365164","article-title":"Central nervous system dysregulation extends beyond the pain-matrix network in cluster headache","volume":"30","author":"Rocca","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221092416","article-title":"Mesocorticolimbic system abnormalities in chronic cluster headache patients: A neural signature?","volume":"42","author":"Ferraro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199911)46:5<791::AID-ANA18>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous attacks of SUNCT: Short-lasting neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing","volume":"46","author":"May","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0052-y","article-title":"Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing syndrome: A review","volume":"7","author":"Matharu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Pain. Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01348.x","article-title":"Attack-related brainstem activation in a patient with SUNCT syndrome: An ictal fMRI study","volume":"49","author":"Auer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01577-2","article-title":"Mapping the aberrant brain functional connectivity in new daily persistent headache: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01581-6","article-title":"Brain structure and cortical activity changes of new daily persistent headache: Multimodal evidence from MEG\/sMRI","volume":"24","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001060","article-title":"Functional MRI in migraine","volume":"35","author":"Messina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-024-03080-5","article-title":"Migraine aura discrimination using machine learning: An fMRI study during ictal and interictal periods","volume":"62","author":"Fernandes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25096","article-title":"Heterogenous migraine aura symptoms correlate with visual cortex functional magnetic resonance imaging responses","volume":"82","author":"Arngrim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx089","article-title":"Increased brainstem perfusion, but no blood-brain barrier disruption, during attacks of migraine with aura","volume":"140","author":"Hougaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.03.004","article-title":"Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and fractional ALFF in migraine patients: A resting-state functional MRI study","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Qi, G., Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, S., Yang, D., He, J., Mu, L., Zhou, L., and Zeng, M. (2021). Altered dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations in patients with migraine without aura. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.636472"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx130","article-title":"Cortical glutamate in migraine","volume":"140","author":"Zielman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/17\/2\/15\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:32:45Z","timestamp":1759919565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/17\/2\/15"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint17020015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint17020015","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]}}}