{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:42:25Z","timestamp":1760060545985,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pediatrics National Institute","award":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"]}]},{"name":"SECIHTI","award":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"]}]},{"name":"DGAPA PAPIIT","award":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"]}]},{"name":"Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education","award":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"]}]},{"name":"Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Odontol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, UNAM","award":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-022","261721","IN228223","Fellow of the General Direction of Quality and Health Education"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Amino acid biomarkers have a crucial influence on our understanding of brain injury mechanisms, and their plasma concentrations may indicate neurological damage and recovery patterns. Pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) assessment particularly benefits from such molecular indicators, as clinical presentations can be subtle and variable. However, current diagnostic and prognostic tools lack reliable biochemical markers that can track the temporal evolution of injuries and recovery. Methods: We conducted a prospective longitudinal cohort study involving 36 pediatric mTBI patients and 44 controls to characterize the temporal evolution of key amino acids and their derived indices. Blood samples were collected at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h and at 7, 14, and 28 days post-injury, with amino acids quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Our analysis revealed significant temporal changes in glutamate, glutamine, and glycine concentrations, with glutamate peaking at day 7 before declining, while glutamine showed steady increases throughout. The GLN\/GLU ratio demonstrated an early excitatory imbalance followed by astrocytic compensation, and the GLX ratio indicated progressive recovery. Conclusions: These patterns represent continuous neurochemical processes involving excitotoxicity and glial regulation, suggesting potential utility as biomarkers for mTBI diagnosis and monitoring. While further validation using larger cohorts is needed, these findings provide compelling evidence of the efficacy of using amino acid profiles to track pediatric mTBI progression and recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17090145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T19:16:17Z","timestamp":1757445377000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biological Plausibility of Using Plasma Amino Acid Profile Determination as a Potential Biomarker for Pediatric Patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-6734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ad\u00e1n","family":"P\u00e9rez-Arredondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda y Doctorado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Odontol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Experimental, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-3910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"C\u00e1zares-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Urgencias M\u00e9dicas Pedi\u00e1tricas, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-0629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Trist\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroqu\u00edmica, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1108-2139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda y Doctorado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Odontol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Experimental, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana L.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinaci\u00f3n de Medicina General y Comunitaria, Universidad de la Salud, Campus Santa Fe, Mexico City 01210, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de M\u00e9xico, Campus Coyoac\u00e1n, Mexico City 04850, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivette A.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital \u201cPrimero de Octubre\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City 73000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Vega-Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Urgencias M\u00e9dicas Pedi\u00e1tricas, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7229-4675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo F.","family":"Narv\u00e1ez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201c20 de Noviembre\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilo","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n \u201cLuis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra\u201d, Mexico City 14389, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5519-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luz","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda y Doctorado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Odontol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Experimental, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liliana","family":"Carmona-Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Maestr\u00eda y Doctorado en Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Odontol\u00f3gicas y de la Salud, Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica Experimental, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Demographics and Clinical Assessment Working Group of the International and 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