{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:08:43Z","timestamp":1762186123658,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PCN-2-042\/N\/2\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCN-2-042\/N\/2\/I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A\u03b21-42 and APOE concentrations, as well as A\u03b242\/40 ratio, may be considered as a link between hypertension (HTN) or diabetes mellitus (DM), brain amyloidosis, and dementia. HTN and DM are associated with cognitive impairment and may contribute to the development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the impact of vascular risk factors on the concentration of biochemical AD markers and cognitive state. As it is a cross-sectional study in nature, causal relationships cannot be established. Methods: The study was conducted in the south of Poland among a rural population over 65 years of age. A total of 58 patients qualified into the study were divided into groups according to the presence of HTN (n = 18) or HTN coexisting with DM (n = 40). A healthy control group was also formed (n = 20), resulting in 78 study participants. The study population was also divided based on M-ACE results, forming a normal cognition group (NC) and a deteriorated cognition group (DC). Biochemical tests, neurological scales assessments, and ultrasound examinations were conducted. Results: Patients who scored in the normal range on the M-ACE had higher A\u03b21-42 (median 38.52 vs. 27.35 pg\/mL, p = 0.02) and apoE concentrations (median 125.0 vs. 65.73 \u03bcg\/mL, p = 0.002), and a higher A\u03b242\/40 ratio (median 0.39 vs. 0.29 p &lt; 0.000) compared to the DC group. Considering the study groups, the highest A\u03b242\/40 ratio was found among the HC group (median 0.47). The median score for the M-ACE scale was 3 points lower when HTN and DM coexisted, compared to the sole diagnosis of HTN (25 points and 28 points, respectively). A higher number of years of education correlated with better M-ACE results. Lipid and uric acid concentrations were not related to M-ACE or MMSE scores. An inverse relationship connected A\u03b21-40 and A\u03b21-42 to BMI, the duration of HTN treatment, and glycated hemoglobin. Conclusions: A\u03b21-42, APOE, and A\u03b242\/40 are not only correlated with cognition but also related to patient\u2019s disease profile. The coexistence of DM and HTN was associated with the most significant decline in cognitive functioning. However, a higher number of years of education may protect against the development of dementia in old age. The roles of cholesterol and uric acid in cognitive decline are still inconclusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17110180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:40:48Z","timestamp":1762180848000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cognitive Changes Among Patients over 65 Years of Age in a Rural Area\u2014The Preliminary Report of Protective and Predisposing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0309-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radoslaw","family":"Zachara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Gendosz de Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Wlaszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5081-8343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Gorzkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Science Club of Engineering and Systems Biology, Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"},{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Jedrzejowska-Szypulka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2023). 2023 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Facts and Figures. 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