{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T03:38:10Z","timestamp":1794022690170,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Training Group","award":["2783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2783"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["456732630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["456732630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Transcranial pulse stimulation (TPS) is an innovative non-invasive brain stimulation technique using ultrasonic waves. Despite its application in first clinical trials, so far, no systematic overview of its effects across different patient populations has been conducted. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effects of TPS on cognitive, motor, and mental health outcomes as well as on patient safety in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Methods: We conducted a literature search in MEDLINE, PsycINFO &amp; PsycArticles, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, covering the period from January 2013 to December 2024. Two independent reviewers conducted the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. To evaluate the risk of bias, the RoB2 tool was used for randomized studies and the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Results: A total of fifteen studies (five randomized controlled trials and ten non-blinded, single-arm trials) including both adolescent and adult and elderly patient populations (Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson\u2019s disease, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) were included. Positive effects of TPS intervention on cognitive, motor, and mental health outcomes, as well as a high safety profile, were demonstrated in a majority of the studies and outcome parameters. However, limitations of the included studies persist due to small sample sizes, lack of control groups, retrospective analyses, and heterogeneity of study protocols and measurements. Conclusions: TPS is a safe and promising method for treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. To better assess the potential of this innovative technique, standardized protocol procedures and larger, sham-controlled trials are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint17110188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T16:49:51Z","timestamp":1763484591000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neuromodulatory Effects of Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Selma","family":"Polte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatory Assessment in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9210-1085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Klingmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatory Assessment in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Se\u00dfmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatory Assessment in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3693-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenja","family":"Schwichtenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0323-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph S.","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karsten","family":"Witt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"University Clinic for Neurology at the Evangelical Hospital, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Roheger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambulatory Assessment in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vosskuhl, J., Str\u00fcber, D., and Herrmann, C.S. 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