{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:17:17Z","timestamp":1787620637257,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Katz Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) has been associated with some types of food and drugs. Here, we query PubMed for the association of PD with foods and drugs, using a list of 217,776 compounds derived from the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB). To calculate associations, a Python script was developed to query PubMed for co-citations of PD with each compound, and adjust this count for compound abundance. Notably, PD is found to be associated with small-molecule drugs, adjunctive therapies, contraindicated drugs, diagnostic agents, biomarkers, conditional essential molecules, and inducers. Drugs include L-dopa (49%), carbidopa (63%), benserazide (50%), entacapone (74%), tolcapone (56%), rasagiline (76%), selegiline (46%), pargyline (4%), ropinirole (61%), pramipexole (56%), lisuride (27%), cabergoline (16%), bromocriptine (12%), and zonisamide (9%). Adjunctive therapies include droxidopa (33%), trihexyphenidyl (28%), biperiden (17%), amantadine (24%), memantine (7%), rivastigmine (13%), donepezil (6%), galantamine (4%), domperidone (6%), clonazepam (4%), tetrabenazine (16%), mazindol (13%), quetiapine (6%), and clozapine (4%). Contraindicated drugs include haloperidol (4%), sulpiride (3%), and methyldopa (6%). Diagnostic agents include FP-CIT (60%) and beta-CIT (43%). Biomarkers include 3-methoxytyrosine (48%) and homovanillic acid (12%). Endogenous cofactors include tetrahydrobiopterin (4%) and Coenzyme Q10 (4%). Chemical inducers of PD include 6-hydroxydopamine (40%), N-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 78%), tetrahydropyridine (77%), probenecid (4%), quinolinic acid (4%), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ, 16%), salsolinol (32%), rotenone (25%), and \u03b2-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA, 29%). Notably, our study highlights conditional essential endogenous cofactors associated with PD and emphasizes rational directions for investigation in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consensus Molecules Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Eyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Alfasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Ben Zaken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim O.","family":"Sawaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lior","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Mesfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pnina","family":"Frankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahaf","family":"Ezzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trishna","family":"Saha-Detroja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Madhavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7886-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naamah","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baruh","family":"Polis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham O.","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, E.M., and Hung, S.-Y. 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