{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T13:47:16Z","timestamp":1774014436628,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The term dyskinesia describes involuntary movements of the face, body and extremities. Frequently, they appear following and in relation with prior oral long-lasting and high-dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Onset of these motion sequences causes patient distress and caregiver embarrassment with declined quality of life. Continuity of nigrostriatal postsynaptic dopamine receptor stimulation delays occurrence of dyskinesia. A pulsatile pattern with temporary too high dopamine receptor excitation promotes manifestation of dyskinesia. Methods: This narrative review describes past pharmacologic approaches for therapy of dyskinesia, such as the principle of continuous dopamine receptor stimulation. Discussion and Conclusions: Novel concepts were tested. They influenced neurotransmission of serotonin and altered stimulation of dopamine receptor subtypes. The translation of successful experimental research outcomes into valuable clinical trial results with consecutive approval of drugs with a new mode of action under the indication \u201cantidyskinetic\u201d repeatedly failed. An exception is the open-channel blocker of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and dopamine reuptake inhibitor amantadine with its moderate dyskinesia-reducing effects, particularly in its extended-release formulation. This antiviral compound also improves impaired motor behavior and reduces \u201cOFF\u201d intervals. Therefore, amantadine is currently experiencing a certain resurgence in regions where its extended-release formulations are marketed for therapy of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18030059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:49:58Z","timestamp":1774003798000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["No New Relevant Treatment Options for L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia from a Clinician\u2019s Point of View"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Wei\u00dfensee, Gartenstr. 1, 13088 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e551","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30190-0","article-title":"The burden of neurological diseases in Europe: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Deuschl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2012.03798.x","article-title":"The PRIPS study: Screening battery for subjects at risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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