{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:10:34Z","timestamp":1774030234574,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duropathies represent a spectrum of disorders associated with spinal dural tears and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Diagnosis and treatment is often complicated by overlapping clinical manifestations. This review aims to synthesize current literature on duropathies, focusing on their clinical, neuroradiological, and pathophysiological features. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing various conditions classified as duropathies, including spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), superficial siderosis (SS), spinal cord herniation, and, as added issue, arachnoid webs. The review emphasized the importance of imaging techniques such as MRI and CT myelography in diagnosing these conditions. Duropathies can arise from congenital anomalies, trauma, and degenerative changes, with SIH being characterized by orthostatic headaches and neurological deficits. Imaging typically reveals specific patterns, such as a widened dorsal subarachnoid space and ventral displacement of the spinal cord. Syringomyelia was frequently associated with arachnoid webs, and complications like SS and bibrachial amyotrophy were noted in patients with persistent ventral spinal CSF leaks. The unifying concept of duropathies is proposed, emphasizing the need for timely intervention to mitigate long-term neurological consequences. Enhanced diagnostic strategies are crucial for improving patient outcomes, and a multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the management of these complex disorders. Further research is warranted to clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying duropathies and to establish standardized treatment protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18030060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1774026163000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Duropathies as Unifying Concept\u2014Part Two: A Narrative Overview of Clinical and Neuroradiological Features"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7530-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marialuisa","family":"Zedde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Stroke Unit, Azienda Unit\u00e0 Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-3400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, 40124 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6716-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa Francesca Maria","family":"Ciceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurointerventional Radiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Limbucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Neurovascular Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Muto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Bergui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Neuroradiological Unit, University of Turin, Azienda Ospedaliera Citt\u00e0 Della Salute E Della Scienza Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6491-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Causin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOPD UOC Neuroradiologia, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 Di Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Pascarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, AULSS 5 Polesana, 45100 Rovigo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e272","article-title":"Beyond superficial siderosis: Introducing \u201cduropathies\u201d","volume":"78","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1628","article-title":"Neuroimaging in superficial siderosis: An in-depth look","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJNR Am. 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