{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:43:01Z","timestamp":1785426181221,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2025\/3\/37092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2025\/3\/37092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PSAU\/2025\/3\/37092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2025\/3\/37092"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jt46d36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vascular dysfunction and neurovascular inflammation are increasingly recognized as contributors to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) pathophysiology, particularly through interactions with tau-related neurodegeneration. Endothelial adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), play key roles in blood\u2013brain barrier regulation and immune-vascular crosstalk, yet their relevance to long-term disease progression and established AD biomarkers remains incompletely understood. Methods: Using data from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), we examined associations between baseline cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and clinical progression, CSF biomarkers, neuroimaging measures, and cognitive outcomes over up to 10 years of follow-up. This study included 294 participants (87 cognitively normal, 129 with mild cognitive impairment, and 78 with AD). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations with diagnostic progression, and linear regression models examined relationships with baseline and longitudinal measures of tau, amyloid-\u03b2, hippocampal volume, Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography (FDG-PET) metabolism, and cognition. Models were adjusted for age, sex, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE \u03b54) status, baseline diagnosis, and baseline CSF amyloid-\u03b2, with false discovery rate correction applied for multiple comparisons. Results: Baseline CSF VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 levels did not differ across diagnostic groups. However, higher baseline levels of both markers were nominally associated with increased odds of disease progression. Notably, ICAM-1 showed a strong and robust association with baseline CSF phosphorylated tau, which remained significant after multiple-comparison correction. VCAM-1 was also associated with tau pathology, though this did not survive correction. Neither marker was associated with baseline or longitudinal changes in hippocampal volume, FDG-PET metabolism, or cognitive performance. Conclusion: CSF VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 appear to reflect neurovascular inflammatory processes linked to tau pathology rather than markers of clinical stage or longitudinal neurodegeneration. These findings support a role for endothelial activation in AD pathophysiology and highlight vascular\u2013immune mechanisms as potential contributors to tau-related disease vulnerability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18050084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:01:18Z","timestamp":1777474878000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CSF Levels of Baseline VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 Are Associated with Tau Pathology in Patients Demonstrating Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5094-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manal","family":"Aljuhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azhaar","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-497X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Alshuhri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam Mohammed","family":"Alkhybari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alanoud","family":"Almudayni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmah Jamal","family":"Alablani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-5415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Alhulail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Radiological Sciences and Technology Research Unit, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knopman, D.S., Amieva, H., Petersen, R.C., Ch\u00e9telat, G., Holtzman, D.M., Hyman, B.T., Nixon, R.A., and Jones, D.T. 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