{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T12:08:07Z","timestamp":1779797287098,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":269,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brachial plexus injuries are challenging conditions. Over the past decades, nerve transfer surgery has progressively evolved from proximal nerve reconstruction toward selective distal neurotization strategies, considerably expanding the possibilities for functional restoration. As the number of described donor\u2013recipient combinations has increased, the literature has become increasingly fragmented, often focusing on isolated techniques or specific functional targets. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art overview of currently available motor nerve transfer strategies for upper-limb reinnervation in BPI. A literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies concerning motor nerve transfers for upper-limb reconstruction were systematically reviewed and categorized according to recipient nerve and functional target, including shoulder function, scapular stabilization, elbow flexion and extension, wrist and finger extension, wrist and finger flexion, intrinsic hand function, and extraplexal donor nerve reconstruction. A total of 250 studies met the inclusion criteria. Both intraplexal and extraplexal donor strategies were identified for most reconstructive targets. Intraplexal distal nerve transfers currently represent the preferred approach whenever feasible because of shorter reinnervation distances and more predictable outcomes. Extraplexal donors, including the spinal accessory, intercostal, contralateral C7, and phrenic nerves, remain essential in complete BPIs and root avulsion injuries. Despite substantial advances, restoration of intrinsic hand function and reliable distal reinnervation remain major reconstructive challenges. Motor nerve transfers represent an increasingly versatile and function-oriented reconstructive strategy that should be tailored to the individual injury pattern, available donor nerves, and functional priorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18060103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T14:10:22Z","timestamp":1779718222000},"page":"103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Motor Nerve Transfers in Complete and Incomplete Brachial Plexus Injuries: A State-of-the-Art Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6479-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Bradaschia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience \u201cRita Levi Montalcini\u201d, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, \u201cCitt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza\u201d University Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6687-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Heinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peripheral Nerve Unit Nord, Christliches Krankenhaus Quakenbr\u00fcck GmbH, 49610 Quakenbr\u00fcck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s10195-023-00695-6","article-title":"Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries: A classification proposal","volume":"24","author":"Lavorato","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-18-00433","article-title":"Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"27","author":"Noland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1035","article-title":"On the importance of accurate muscular analysis in lesions of the brachial plexus; and the treatment of Erb\u2019s palsy and infantile paralysis of the upper extremity by cross-union of the nerve roots","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"1903","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2209.1009","article-title":"Remarks on the operative treatment of chronic facial palsy of peripheral origin","volume":"1","author":"Ballance","year":"1903","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1913.04350010017006","article-title":"Exposure of the brachial plexus with nerve-transplantation","volume":"61","author":"Tuttle","year":"1913","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.02.047","article-title":"Distal sensory nerve transfers in lower-type injuries of the brachial plexus","volume":"37","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e351","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181bf8471","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphy: Past, present, and future","volume":"124","author":"Viterbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.02.031","article-title":"Axotomy or compression is required for axonal sprouting following end-to-side neurorrhaphy","volume":"211","author":"Hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.12.020","article-title":"Supercharge nerve transfer to enhance motor recovery: A laboratory study","volume":"38","author":"Farber","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes, F., Heinen, C., Rasulic, L., Shin, A.Y., and Socolovsky, M. (2025). Nerve Transfers for Brachial Plexus Reconstruction After Trauma, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92445-3"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000170557.13788.D2","article-title":"External rotation as a result of suprascapular nerve neurotization in obstetric brachial plexus lesions","volume":"57","author":"Pondaag","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.main.2015.05.003","article-title":"Transfer of the rhomboid nerve to the suprascapular nerve: An anatomical feasibility study","volume":"34","author":"Goubier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chir. Main"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.07.002","article-title":"Rhomboid nerve transfer to the suprascapular nerve for shoulder reanimation in brachial plexus palsy: A clinical report","volume":"35","author":"Goubier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.02.005","article-title":"Transfer of the rhomboid nerve for restoration of shoulder external rotation in partial brachial plexus palsy","volume":"51","author":"Goubier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e4614","article-title":"Dorsal scapular nerve transfer to suprascapular nerve: A new method of restoring shoulder function","volume":"3","author":"Augustine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plast. Surg. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(93)90029-G","article-title":"The dorsoscapular nerve in traumatic brachial plexus lesions","volume":"95","author":"Malessy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008851","article-title":"Transfer of a C7 fascicle for the pectoralis major to the suprascapular nerve: A 3-year follow-up patient series","volume":"149","author":"Belkheyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111560","article-title":"Outcomes in restoration of shoulder abduction in upper trunk brachial plexus injuries: A randomized study comparing ipsilateral C7 fascicle and spinal accessory nerve as donor nerves","volume":"141","author":"Kashyap","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.09.007","article-title":"Transfer of pectoral nerves to suprascapular and axillary nerves: An anatomic feasibility study","volume":"35","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"115","article-title":"Les neurotisations par le nerf spinal (nerf accessorius) dans les avulsions radiculaires du plexus brachial","volume":"28","author":"Allieu","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"133","article-title":"Paralysis in root avulsion of the brachial plexus. Neurotization by the spinal accessory nerve","volume":"11","author":"Allieu","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00267846","article-title":"Traitement direct des l\u00e9sions nerveuses dans les paralysies traumatiques du plex brachial chez l\u2019adulte","volume":"5","author":"Alnot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198812000-00008","article-title":"Neurotization in brachial plexus injuries: Indication and results","volume":"237","author":"Narakas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.16.5.6","article-title":"Nerve transfers for severe brachial plexus injuries: A review","volume":"16","author":"Midha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.05.016","article-title":"Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Bertelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.SPINE15434","article-title":"Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.02.025","article-title":"Dorsal approach in transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve into the suprascapular nerve: Histo-morphometric analysis and clinical results in 14 cases of upper brachial plexus injuries","volume":"36","author":"Bhandari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200605010-00001","article-title":"Restoration of shoulder abduction by transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve through dorsal approach: A clinical study","volume":"119","author":"Guan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2006.04.014","article-title":"Refinements in the technique for repair of the accessory nerve","volume":"31","author":"Bertelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-013-1020-3","article-title":"Contralateral spinal accessory nerve transfer: A new technique in panavulsive brachial plexus palsy","volume":"77","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/1753193408098902","article-title":"Transfer of the first intercostal nerve to supra- and infraspinatus muscles: An anatomical study and report of the first case","volume":"34","author":"Durand","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920100407","article-title":"Phrenic nerve transfer for brachial plexus motor neurotization","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"1989","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199602000-00016","article-title":"Use of the phrenic nerve for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"323","author":"Gu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199507000-00019","article-title":"Restoration of shoulder abduction by nerve transfer in avulsed brachial plexus injury: Evaluation of 99 patients with various nerve transfers","volume":"96","author":"Chuang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.2000.01953.x","article-title":"Restoration of shoulder abduction in brachial plexus injury with phrenic nerve transfer","volume":"70","author":"Sungpet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Okwumabua, E., and Thompson, J.H. (2026, February 04). Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, axillary nerve, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493212\/."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hangge, P.T., Breen, I., Albadawi, H., Knuttinen, M.G., Naidu, S.G., and Oklu, R. (2018). Quadrilateral space syndrome: Diagnosis and clinical management. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7040086"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(03)00200-4","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part I: An anatomic feasibility study","volume":"28","author":"Witoonchart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(03)00199-0","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part II: A report of 7 cases","volume":"28","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2003.10.013","article-title":"Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: Spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve","volume":"29","author":"Bertelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.01.005","article-title":"Nerve transfer from triceps medial head and anconeus to deltoid for axillary nerve palsy","volume":"39","author":"Bertelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1177\/230949901202000113","article-title":"Anterior deltopectoral approach for axillary nerve neurotisation","volume":"20","author":"Jerome","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30879","article-title":"Triceps to teres minor motor nerve transfer to restore glenohumeral external rotation after neonatal brachial plexus injury","volume":"42","author":"Soldado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(09)91102-9","article-title":"Transference of thoracodorsal nerve to musculocutaneous or axillary nerve in old traumatic injury","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2003.12.027","article-title":"The use of thoracodorsal nerve transfer in restoration of irreparable C5 and C6 spinal nerve lesions","volume":"58","author":"Samardzic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4614","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004614","article-title":"Alternative nerve transfer for shoulder function: Thoracodorsal and medial triceps to anterior axillary nerve","volume":"10","author":"Janes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2006.105.6.881","article-title":"Quantitation of the lower subscapular nerve for potential use in neurotization procedures","volume":"105","author":"Tubbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-019-04122-w","article-title":"Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"162","author":"Haninec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.11.SPINE24637","article-title":"Nerve transfers for axillary nerve repair in brachial plexus injuries: Results from 206 patients","volume":"42","author":"Haninec","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guedes, F., Heinen, C., Rasulic, L., Shin, A.Y., and Socolovsky, M. (2025). Long thoracic to axillary nerve transfer. Nerve Transfers for Brachial Plexus Reconstruction After Trauma, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-92445-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.5.JNS111572","article-title":"Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"117","author":"Haninec","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Stonner, L.C., Dy, M.M., and Kahn, C.J. (2025). Spinal Accessory Nerve to Axillary Nerve Transfer. Rehabilitation for Nerve Transfers of the Upper Extremity, Springer."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/46.1.93","article-title":"Results of nerve transfers to the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves","volume":"46","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.12.034","article-title":"Simultaneous intercostal nerve transfers to deltoid and triceps muscle through the posterior approach","volume":"37","author":"Malungpaishrope","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Outcomes of Brachial Plexus Neurolysis in 40 Patients with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Injury","volume":"25","author":"Nath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Lung, K., and Lui, F. (2026, February 04). Anatomy, Thorax, Long Thoracic Nerve, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK535396\/."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-007-0086-2","article-title":"Surgical treatment of winged scapula","volume":"466","author":"Galano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03372-0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"73","author":"Novak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2008.08.005","article-title":"Nerve transfer to serratus anterior muscle using the thoracodorsal nerve for winged scapula in C5 and C6 brachial plexus root avulsions","volume":"34","author":"Uerpairojkit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_91_2024","article-title":"Thoracodorsal to long thoracic nerve transfer in a patient with traumatic injury: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Martinez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717733306","article-title":"Surgical and Clinical Decision Making in Isolated Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy","volume":"13","author":"Noland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15589447251343240","DOI":"10.1177\/15589447251343240","article-title":"Long Thoracic Nerve Decompression and Transfer: Single-Center Case Series of Clinical and Electromyographic Outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.10046","article-title":"Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome following medial pectoral to long thoracic nerve transfer for scapular winging: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Tomaino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.5.JNS101615","article-title":"Two-level motor nerve transfer for the treatment of long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"115","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.05.024","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve neurotization for restoration of shoulder function in C5-7 brachial plexus preganglionic injuries: Case report","volume":"35","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"e1898","article-title":"Intercostal Nerve to Long Thoracic Nerve Transfer for the Treatment of Winged Scapula: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study","volume":"9","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003733","article-title":"What Is the Probability of Radial Nerve Recovery After Surgical Repair of Humerus Fractures Accounting for Time Since Injury?","volume":"484","author":"Krijnen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(02)00036-7","article-title":"Midcervical tetraplegia with strong wrist extension: A two-stage synergistic reconstruction of the hand","volume":"18","author":"Zancolli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20883","article-title":"Transfer of axillary nerve branches to reconstruct elbow extension in tetraplegics: A laboratory investigation of surgical feasibility","volume":"31","author":"Bertelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.12.JNS101519","article-title":"Transfer of the teres minor motor branch for triceps reinnervation in tetraplegia","volume":"114","author":"Bertelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001641","article-title":"Nerve Transfers to Restore Upper Extremity Function in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: Update and Preliminary Outcomes","volume":"136","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.8.JNS14277","article-title":"Nerve transfers for elbow and finger extension reconstruction in midcervical spinal cord injuries","volume":"122","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000003771","article-title":"Axillary to Radial Nerve Transfer for Elbow Extension in the Tetraplegic Patient: A Case Series","volume":"98","author":"Bazarek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000000885","article-title":"Axillary to Radial Nerve Transfer for Recovery of Elbow Extension After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"25","author":"Bazarek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2015.08.014","article-title":"Transfer of a Terminal Motor Branch Nerve to the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris for Triceps Reinnervation: Anatomical Study and Clinical Cases","volume":"40","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-011-1080-8","article-title":"Triceps brachii reinnervation in primary reconstruction of the adult brachial plexus: Experience in 25 cases","volume":"153","author":"Flores","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.11.024","article-title":"Nerve transfer to the triceps after brachial plexus injury: Report of four cases","volume":"36","author":"Pet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04346-1","article-title":"Reanimation of triceps muscle using ulnar nerve fascicle transfer to the nerve to long head of the triceps muscle","volume":"162","author":"Emamhadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22386","article-title":"Thoracodorsal nerve transfer for triceps reinnervation in partial brachial plexus injuries","volume":"36","author":"Soldado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.11.JNS111539","article-title":"Reanimation of elbow extension with medial pectoral nerve transfer in partial injuries to the brachial plexus","volume":"118","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20964","article-title":"The radio-radial nerve transfer for elbow extension restoration in C5 to C7 nerve root injury","volume":"32","author":"Flores","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw054","article-title":"Outcomes of Transferring a Healthy Motor Fascicle from the Radial Nerve to a Branch for the Triceps to Recover Elbow Extension in Partial Brachial Plexus Palsy","volume":"80","author":"Flores","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194807000-00014","article-title":"On the Use of N. Musculocutaneous for Neurotization of N. Radialis in Cases of Very Large Defects of the Latter","volume":"128","author":"Lurje","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.05.005","article-title":"Brachialis-to-extensor carpi radialis longus selective nerve transfer to restore wrist extension in tetraplegia: Case report","volume":"37","author":"Gohritz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000471","article-title":"Surgical Technique: Brachioradialis to Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis Nerve Transfers for Tetraplegia","volume":"28","author":"Orlando","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up. Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2001.94.5.0795","article-title":"Neurotization as an alternative for restoring finger and wrist extension","volume":"94","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200209010-00019","article-title":"New surgical option for radial nerve paralysis","volume":"110","author":"Lowe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2012.06.016","article-title":"Transfer of median and ulnar nerve fascicles for lesions of the posterior cord in infraclavicular brachial plexus injury: Report of 2 cases","volume":"37","author":"Perea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.10.011","article-title":"Nerve transfers from branches to the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres to reconstruct the radial nerve","volume":"39","author":"Navarro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2009.07.004","article-title":"Nerve transfer for wrist extension using nerve to flexor digitorum superficialis in cervical 5, 6, and 7 root avulsions: Anatomic study and report of two cases","volume":"34","author":"Ukrit","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22027","article-title":"Transfer of a flexor digitorum superficialis motor branch for wrist extension reconstruction in C5\u2013C8 root injuries of the brachial plexus: A case series","volume":"33","author":"Bertelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2012.12.015","article-title":"An anatomical study of the ECRL and ECRB: Feasibility of developing a preoperative test for evaluating the strength of the individual wrist extensors","volume":"66","author":"Kerver","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.JNS142428","article-title":"Results of wrist extension reconstruction in C5-8 brachial plexus palsy by transferring the pronator quadratus motor branch to the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle","volume":"124","author":"Bertelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31826d16cf","article-title":"Transfer of the pronator quadratus motor branch for wrist extension reconstruction in brachial plexus palsy","volume":"130","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708114","article-title":"Pronator Quadratus to Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Nerve Transfer in C5-C7 or C5-C8 Brachial Plexus Injuries for Independent Wrist Extension","volume":"53","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.JNS192110","article-title":"Distal pronator teres motor branch transfer for wrist extension restoration in radial nerve paralysis","volume":"134","author":"Bertelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, J., Leng, M., Wang, K., and Huang, Q. (2022). Pronator teres nerve branch transfer to the extensor carpi radialis brevis nerve branch for wrist extension reconstruction in proximal radial nerve injury following humeral shaft fractures. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05950-1"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-014-9677-z","article-title":"Use of peripheral nerve transfers in tetraplegia: Evaluation of feasibility and morbidity","volume":"10","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.JNS09854","article-title":"Transfer of supinator motor branches to the posterior interosseous nerve in C7-T1 brachial plexus palsy","volume":"113","author":"Bertelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0072-968X(71)90009-X","article-title":"The hand in quadriplegia","volume":"3","author":"Lamb","year":"1971","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.09.034","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following median to radial nerve transfers","volume":"36","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2013.06.024","article-title":"Median to radial nerve transfers for restoration of wrist, finger, and thumb extension","volume":"38","author":"Davidge","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-015-9459-3","article-title":"Useful functional outcome can be achieved after motor nerve transfers in management of the paralytic hand: An observational study","volume":"12","author":"Sallam","year":"2016","journal-title":"HSS J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.10.08859","article-title":"Anatomical feasibility of transferring supinator motor branches to the posterior interosseous nerve in C7-T1 brachial plexus palsies: Laboratory investigation","volume":"111","author":"Bertelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.07.012","article-title":"Transfer of supinator motor branches to the posterior interosseous nerve to reconstruct thumb and finger extension in tetraplegia: Case report","volume":"35","author":"Bertelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.SPINE231248","article-title":"Supinator to posterior interosseous nerve transfer to restore hand opening in brachial plexus and spinal cord injury: A systematic review and individual patient-data meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Texakalidis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.7.JNS13594","article-title":"Restoration of hand function in C7-T1 brachial plexus palsies using a staged approach with nerve and tendon transfer","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E408","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opab263","article-title":"Supinator to posterior interosseous nerve transfer for restoration of finger extension","volume":"21","author":"Bazarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.1.JNS091441","article-title":"Clinical use of supinator motor branch transfer to the posterior interosseous nerve in C7-T1 brachial plexus palsies","volume":"113","author":"Dong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1384212","article-title":"Clinical outcome following transfer of the supinator motor branch to the posterior interosseous nerve in patients with C7-T1 brachial plexus palsy","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyw160","article-title":"Outcome of finger extension after nerve transfer to repair C7-T1 brachial plexus palsy in rats: Comparative study of the supinator motor branch transfer to the posterior interosseous nerve and the contralateral C7 transfer to the lower trunk","volume":"80","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20247","article-title":"Neurotization with the brachialis muscle motor nerve","volume":"26","author":"Palazzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.6.JNS17290","article-title":"Spinal accessory nerve to triceps muscle transfer using long autologous nerve grafts for recovery of elbow extension in traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"129","author":"Bulstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CASE22301","DOI":"10.3171\/CASE22301","article-title":"Nerve transfers in a patient with asymmetrical neurological deficit following traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Simultaneous bilateral restoration of pinch grip and elbow extension. Illustrative case","volume":"4","author":"Gatskiy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Case Lessons"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1583302","article-title":"Phrenic nerve transfer for reconstruction of elbow extension in severe brachial plexus injuries","volume":"32","author":"Flores","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22161","article-title":"Full-length phrenic nerve transfer as the treatment for brachial plexus avulsion injury to restore wrist and finger extension","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/bth.0b013e31803105e1","article-title":"Transfer of the intercostal nerves to the nerve of the long head of the triceps to recover elbow extension in brachial plexus palsy","volume":"11","author":"Goubier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up. Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20822","article-title":"Reanimation of elbow extension with intercostal nerves transfers in total brachial plexus palsies","volume":"31","author":"Goubier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.01.014","article-title":"The intercostal nerves transfer to the radial nerve branch to the long head triceps muscle: Influencing factor and outcome of 55 cases","volume":"48","author":"Kittithamvongs","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23.00092","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.ST.23.00092","article-title":"Transfer of the intercostal nerves to the radial nerve branch innervating the long head of the triceps muscle for elbow extension","volume":"15","author":"Malungpaishrope","year":"2025","journal-title":"JBJS Essent. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835522500540","article-title":"Outcomes of spinal accessory nerve and intercostal nerve transfers for shoulder stabilisation and elbow extension in patients with C5\u2013C7 root avulsion injury","volume":"27","author":"Malungpaishrope","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Asian Pac Vol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835518500480","article-title":"Simultaneous phrenic and intercostal nerves transfer for elbow flexion and extension in total brachial plexus root avulsion injury","volume":"23","author":"Malungpaishope","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Asian Pac. Vol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V45N5p221","article-title":"Nerve transfer for elbow extension in obstetrical brachial plexus palsy","volume":"45","author":"Senes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(05)80235-9","article-title":"Seventh cervical nerve root transfer from the contralateral healthy side for treatment of brachial plexus root avulsion","volume":"17","author":"Gu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1006902","article-title":"Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer","volume":"14","author":"Gu","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"866","article-title":"Long term outcome of contralateral C7 transfer: A report of 32 cases","volume":"115","author":"Gu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2004.12.011","article-title":"Restoration of prehension using double free muscle technique after complete avulsion of brachial plexus in children: A report of three cases","volume":"30","author":"Hattori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31819ba48a","article-title":"Selective contralateral C7 transfer in posttraumatic brachial plexus injuries: A report of 56 cases","volume":"123","author":"Terzis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2011.11.027","article-title":"Our experience with triceps nerve reconstruction in patients with brachial plexus injury","volume":"65","author":"Terzis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.22137","article-title":"Outcome of contralateral C7 transfer to two recipient nerves in 22 patients with the total brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.220316","article-title":"Contralateral C7 nerve root transfer for function recovery in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001494","article-title":"A systematic review of contralateral C7 transfer for the treatment of traumatic brachial plexus injury: Part 1. Overall outcomes","volume":"136","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002312","article-title":"Comparative study of intercostal nerve and contralateral C7 nerve transfers for elbow extension after global brachial plexus avulsion","volume":"85","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.03.015","article-title":"Transfer of the peroneal component of the sciatic nerve in total brachial plexus lesion: An anatomical feasibility study","volume":"51","author":"Titolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2022.11.013","article-title":"The effectiveness of different nerve transfers in the restoration of elbow flexion in adults following brachial plexus injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Cochrane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(94)90011-6","article-title":"Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of ulnar nerve for C5-C6 avulsion of the brachial plexus: Anatomical study and report of four cases","volume":"19","author":"Oberlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1054\/jhsb.2000.0367","article-title":"Transfer of a single fascicle from the ulnar nerve to the biceps muscle after avulsions of upper roots of the brachial plexus","volume":"25","author":"Sungpet","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(98)80059-2","article-title":"Nerve transfer to biceps muscle using a part of the ulnar nerve in brachial plexus injury (upper arm type): A report of 32 cases","volume":"23","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000795","article-title":"Optimal axon counts for brachial plexus nerve transfers to restore elbow flexion","volume":"135","author":"Schreiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.15417\/issn.1852-7434.2022.87.4.1503","article-title":"Nerve transfers for elbow flexion in traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"87","author":"Gardenal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Asoc. Argent. Ortop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s41984-025-00429-2","article-title":"Surgical techniques for restoration of elbow flexion in traumatic brachial plexus injuries: A single-center experience in Egypt","volume":"40","author":"Elsebaey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835519500358","article-title":"Minimum ten-year outcomes of partial ulnar nerve transfer for restoration of elbow flexion in patients with upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"24","author":"Nagano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Asian Pac. Vol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.09.019","article-title":"Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"31","author":"Leechavengvongs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"ons227","article-title":"Upper brachial plexus injuries: Grafts vs ulnar fascicle transfer to restore biceps muscle function","volume":"71","author":"Socolovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30440","article-title":"Elbow flexion reconstruction with nerve transfer or grafting in patients with brachial plexus injuries: A systematic review and comparison study","volume":"40","author":"Ayhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.01.004","article-title":"Nerve root grafting and distal nerve transfers for C5-C6 brachial plexus injuries","volume":"35","author":"Bertelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"263","article-title":"Nerve transfer for treatment of brachial plexus injury: Comparison study between the transfer of partial median and ulnar nerves and that of phrenic and spinal accessory nerves","volume":"5","author":"Hou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1142\/S2424835520500332","article-title":"Elbow flexion reconstruction in brachial plexus avulsion injuries\u2014Results with intercostal nerve and distal nerve transfers","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Asian Pac. Vol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-025-06650-0","article-title":"Nerve transfer to musculocutaneous for elbow flexion restoration in brachial plexus injury (ulnar and\/or median vs. intercostal): A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies","volume":"167","author":"Genedy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.05.024","article-title":"Comparative study of phrenic and partial ulnar nerve transfers for elbow flexion after upper brachial plexus avulsion: A retrospective clinical analysis","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001737","article-title":"Optimal donor nerve to restore elbow flexion after traumatic brachial plexus injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"90","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200201000-00080","article-title":"Oberlin\u2019s ulnar nerve transfer to the biceps nerve in Erb\u2019s birth palsy","volume":"109","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"3","article-title":"Oberlin partial ulnar nerve transfer for restoration in obstetric brachial plexus palsy of a newborn: Case report","volume":"1","author":"Shigematsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Brachial Plex. Peripher. Nerve Inj."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20037","article-title":"Oberlin\u2019s ulnar nerve transfer to the biceps motor nerve in obstetric brachial plexus palsy: Indications, and good and bad results","volume":"24","author":"Noaman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318271ee4a","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Oberlin\u2019s procedure in the treatment of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"71","author":"Siqueira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.06.014","article-title":"Ulnar nerve to musculocutaneous nerve transfer in an ulnar ray-deficient infant with brachial plexus birth palsy: Case report","volume":"35","author":"Thallaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.10079","article-title":"One-fascicle median nerve transfer to biceps muscle in C5 and C6 root avulsions of brachial plexus injury","volume":"23","author":"Sungpet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"854084","article-title":"Median nerve to biceps nerve transfer to restore elbow flexion in obstetric brachial plexus palsy","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2005.05.014","article-title":"Results of reinnervation of the biceps and brachialis muscles with a double fascicular transfer for elbow flexion","volume":"30","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bth.0000248360.14448.6b","article-title":"Technique of the double nerve transfer to recover elbow flexion in C5, C6, or C5 to C7 brachial plexus palsy","volume":"11","author":"Goubier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up. Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-024-00863-9","article-title":"The recovery and independence of elbow flexion and forearm supination after Oberlin II transfer in brachial plexus injuries: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"109","author":"Acharya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005720","article-title":"Outcomes of single versus double fascicular nerve transfers for restoration of elbow flexion in patients with brachial plexus injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Sneiders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30536","article-title":"Is one nerve transfer enough? A systematic review and pooled analysis comparing ulnar fascicular nerve transfer and double ulnar and median fascicular nerve transfer for restoration of elbow flexion after traumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"40","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f95be7","article-title":"Comparison of single versus double nerve transfers for elbow flexion after brachial plexus injury","volume":"127","author":"Carlsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318285c3f6","article-title":"A prospective study comparing single and double fascicular transfer to restore elbow flexion after brachial plexus injury","volume":"72","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.10.090","article-title":"Restoration of elbow flexion in adult traumatic brachial plexus injury\u2014A quantitative analysis of results of single versus double nerve transfer","volume":"52","author":"Srampickal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"836","article-title":"Single versus double fascicular \u201cOberlin\u201d nerve transfer to restore elbow flexion in brachial plexus injury","volume":"30","author":"Khalifeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0000000000000186","article-title":"Transfer of a radial nerve branch to the brachialis nerve for restoration of elbow flexion","volume":"22","author":"Chepla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up. Extrem Surg."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(93)90328-Z","article-title":"A technique for maximizing biceps recovery in brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"18","author":"Brandt","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"203","article-title":"Surgical relationship of the medial pectoral nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve: A cadaveric study","volume":"48","author":"Hansasuta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.11.PEDS08166","article-title":"Medial pectoral nerve to musculocutaneous nerve neurotization for the treatment of persistent birth-related brachial plexus palsy: An 11-year institutional experience","volume":"3","author":"Wellons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3039-9","article-title":"Functional outcomes of infants with Narakas grade 1 birth-related brachial plexus palsy undergoing neurotization compared with infants who did not require surgery","volume":"32","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199705000-00007","article-title":"Recovery of biceps function after delayed repair for brachial plexus injury","volume":"42","author":"Richardson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.04.043","article-title":"Thoracodorsal nerve transfer for elbow flexion reconstruction in infraclavicular brachial plexus injuries","volume":"39","author":"Soldado","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2002.3859","article-title":"Patient outcome following a thoracodorsal to musculocutaneous nerve transfer for reconstruction of elbow flexion","volume":"55","author":"Novak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2007.106.3.391","article-title":"Direct repair (nerve grafting), neurotization, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy in the treatment of brachial plexus injury","volume":"106","author":"Haninec","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000001774","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve transfer for children with brachial plexus injuries","volume":"41","author":"Kluemper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0522-1","article-title":"The medial cord to musculocutaneous (MCMc) nerve transfer: A new method to reanimate elbow flexion after C5-C6-C7-(C8) avulsive injuries of the brachial plexus\u2014Technique and results","volume":"37","author":"Ferraresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.103.1.0070","article-title":"Restoration of elbow flexion by performing contralateral lateral thoracic and thoracodorsal nerve transfers after experimental musculocutaneous nerve transection","volume":"103","author":"Moissonnier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.4.17511","article-title":"The contralateral long thoracic nerve as a donor for upper brachial plexus neurotization procedures: Cadaveric feasibility study","volume":"110","author":"Tubbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.45B3.447","article-title":"Nerve grafting","volume":"45","author":"Seddon","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(89)80047-4","article-title":"Direct nerve crossing with the intercostal nerve to treat avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus","volume":"14","author":"Nagano","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.1920160812","article-title":"Intercostal nerve crossing to restore elbow flexion and sensibility of the hand for a root avulsion type of brachial plexus injury","volume":"16","author":"Ogino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/0363-5023(92)90451-T","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfer of the musculocutaneous nerve in avulsed brachial plexus injuries: Evaluation of 66 patients","volume":"17","author":"Chuang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/00130911-200109000-00002","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfer for elbow flexion","volume":"5","author":"Nagano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tech Hand Up. Extrem Surg."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716081","article-title":"The effect of age and the delay before surgery on the outcomes of intercostal nerve transfers to the musculocutaneous nerve: A retrospective study of 232 cases of posttraumatic total and near-total brachial plexus injuries","volume":"53","author":"Bhatia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/1558944717744280","article-title":"Investigation into the optimal number of intercostal nerve transfers for musculocutaneous nerve reinnervation: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Leland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/17531934231201915","article-title":"A favourable suture method for size-mismatched nerve transfer: A case series of intercostal-to-musculocutaneous nerve transfer for brachial plexus injury","volume":"49","author":"Iwabuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Eur. Vol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2025-0079","article-title":"Functional outcomes following nerve transfers for shoulder and elbow reanimation in brachial plexus injuries: A 10-year retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Vancea","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Life"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2025.102080","article-title":"Comparing the long-term results of Oberlin II versus intercostal neurotization for elbow flexion restoration: Prospective study","volume":"44","author":"Romeih","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_596_2021","article-title":"Neurotization of musculocutaneous nerve with intercostal nerve versus phrenic nerve: A retrospective comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12306-020-00653-z","article-title":"Intercostal or ulnar nerve: Which donor nerve is to be used for reanimation of elbow flexion?","volume":"105","author":"Emamhadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716186","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfers to the musculocutaneous\u2014A reliable nerve transfer for restoration of elbow flexion in birth-related brachial plexus injuries","volume":"53","author":"Lara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6969","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006969","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes following intercostal nerve transfer to musculocutaneous nerve at a median follow-up of 3.5 years","volume":"13","author":"Allio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.JNS132823","article-title":"Upper brachial plexus injury in adults: Comparative effectiveness of different repair techniques","volume":"122","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(96)80349-2","article-title":"Spinal accessory neurotization for restoration of elbow flexion in avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus","volume":"21","author":"Songcharoen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2024.04.017","article-title":"The outcome of spinal accessory nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve in birth brachial plexus palsy","volume":"50","author":"Thammaroj","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198812000-00011","article-title":"Neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve in complete paralysis due to multiple avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus","volume":"237","author":"Allieu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.1.JNS222836","article-title":"Effect of shorter nerve graft and selective motor branch of recipient nerve on nerve transfer surgery for elbow flexion in patients with brachial plexus injury","volume":"139","author":"Pengked","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2025.04.005","article-title":"Spinal accessory nerve versus intercostal nerves in gracilis free-functioning muscle transfer for elbow flexion in adult brachial plexus patients","volume":"50","author":"Bhat","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy350","article-title":"Results of phrenic nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve using video-assisted thoracoscopy in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury: Series of 28 cases","volume":"17","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS173248","article-title":"Phrenic to musculocutaneous nerve transfer for traumatic brachial plexus injuries: Analyzing respiratory effects on elbow flexion control","volume":"131","author":"Socolovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-016-2855-8","article-title":"Outcome following phrenic nerve transfer to musculocutaneous nerve in patients with traumatic brachial palsy: A qualitative systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Gepp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opaa163","article-title":"Comparison between supraclavicular versus video-assisted intrathoracic phrenic nerve section for transfer in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries: Case series","volume":"19","author":"Socolovsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200207000-00018","article-title":"Full-length phrenic nerve transfer by means of video-assisted thoracic surgery in treating brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"110","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2387-7","article-title":"The phrenic nerve as a donor for brachial plexus injuries: Is it safe and effective? Case series and literature analysis","volume":"157","author":"Socolovsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181f74139","article-title":"Long-term observation of respiratory function after unilateral phrenic nerve and multiple intercostal nerve transfer for avulsed brachial plexus injury","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.3.0523","article-title":"Brachial plexus neurotization with donor phrenic nerves and its effect on pulmonary function","volume":"96","author":"Luedemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.10.014","article-title":"Minimum 4-year follow-up on contralateral C7 nerve transfers for brachial plexus injuries","volume":"37","author":"Chuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01174","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1174","article-title":"Outcome of contralateral C7 transfers to different recipient nerves after global brachial plexus avulsion","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31833-2","article-title":"Neurotization of avulsed roots of brachial plexus by means of anterior nerves of cervical plexus","volume":"11","author":"Brunelli","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_212","unstructured":"Murphy, K.A., Ryan, N., and Fakoya, A.O. (2026, February 04). Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, median nerve, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK448084\/."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(21)00605-3","article-title":"Biomechanics of pronation and supination of the forearm","volume":"17","author":"Kapandji","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/000164701317269076","article-title":"A mechanical study of the moment-forces of the supinators and pronators of the forearm","volume":"72","author":"Haugstvedt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.2001.28427","article-title":"Flexor digitorum superficialis nerve transfer to restore pronation: Two case reports and anatomic study","volume":"26","author":"Tung","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s11552-008-9128-9","article-title":"Motor nerve transfers to restore extrinsic median nerve function: Case report","volume":"4","author":"Hsiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hand"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oto.2025.101171","article-title":"Nerve transfers for median nerve injury","volume":"35","author":"Maasarani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000081","article-title":"Transfer of flexor carpi ulnaris branch of the ulnar nerve to the pronator teres nerve: Histomorphometric analysis","volume":"15","author":"Boutros","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1053\/j.oto.2004.06.002","article-title":"Nerve transfers for the upper and lower extremities","volume":"14","author":"Tung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/otpr.2003.S1071-0949(03)00057-X","article-title":"Nerve transfers","volume":"9","author":"Humphreys","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jassh.2004.06.011","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the upper extremity","volume":"4","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Surg. Hand"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-818043","article-title":"Distal anterior interosseous nerve in the recurrent motor branch graft for reconstruction of a median nerve neuroma-in-continuity","volume":"20","author":"Vernadakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2001.19850635.x","article-title":"An alternative method for restoring opposition after median nerve injury: An anatomical feasibility study for the use of neurotisation","volume":"198","author":"Karabulut","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"216","article-title":"Transfer of a branch of the anterior interosseus nerve to the motor branch of the median nerve and ulnar nerve","volume":"110","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1972.04180110094024","article-title":"An operation to restore opposition of the thumb by nerve transfer","volume":"105","author":"Schultz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3182367642","article-title":"Transfer of the distal terminal motor branch of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the nerve of the flexor pollicis longus: An anatomic study and clinical application in a tetraplegic patient","volume":"70","author":"Bertelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05264-0","article-title":"Single-stage double motor nerve transfer for all finger flexion in iatrogenic C8-T1 spinal nerve injury: A case report and review of literature","volume":"164","author":"Jitpun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7396","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000007396","article-title":"Restoration of extrinsic grasp with supinator to flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis brevis to anterior interosseous nerve transfers for medial cord injury of the brachial plexus","volume":"14","author":"Tadisina","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/BTH.0b013e31812714f3","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the hand and upper extremity surgery","volume":"12","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tech. Hand Up. Extrem. Surg."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V11","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.10.FOCVID2287","article-title":"Transfer of extensor carpi radialis brevis branch of radial nerve to anterior interosseous nerve for lower trunk brachial plexopathy after motor vehicle accident","volume":"8","author":"Westrup","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus Video"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2014.10.060","article-title":"Transfer of the radial nerve branch to the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the anterior interosseous nerve to reconstruct thumb and finger flexion","volume":"40","author":"Bertelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.07.013","article-title":"Double motor nerve transfer for all finger flexion in cervical spinal cord injury: An anatomical study and a clinical report","volume":"43","author":"Sananpanich","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcl.2008.08.002","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the forearm and hand","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hand Clin."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.3.JNS12328","article-title":"Nerve transfers for the restoration of hand function after spinal cord injury","volume":"117","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.5.SPINE151544","article-title":"Nerve transfers for restoration of finger flexion in patients with tetraplegia","volume":"26","author":"Bertelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.11.005","article-title":"Comparative study of pronator teres branch transfer and brachialis motor branch transfer to the anterior interosseous nerve to treat lower brachial plexus injury in rats","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e257852","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-785220233101e257852","article-title":"Distal neurotization of the anterior interosseous nerve to recover hand grasping","volume":"31","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ortop. Bras."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000435","article-title":"Pronator teres branch transfer to the anterior interosseous nerve for treating C8T1 brachial plexus avulsion: An anatomic study and case report","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_239","first-page":"499","article-title":"Experience of intercostal nerve cross-anastomosis to the musculocutaneous and median nerves on the root avulsion type of brachial plexus injury","volume":"42","author":"Takahashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Seikeigeka"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200005000-00006","article-title":"Restoration of prehension with the double free muscle technique following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus: Indications and long-term results","volume":"82","author":"Doi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.11.004","article-title":"Comparative study of intercostal nerve transfer to lower trunk and contralateral C7 root transfer in repair of total brachial plexus injury in rats","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200404000-00010","article-title":"Selective neurotization of the median nerve in the arm to treat brachial plexus palsy: An anatomic study and case report","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_243","first-page":"122","article-title":"Selective neurotization of the median nerve in the arm to treat brachial plexus palsy: Surgical technique","volume":"87","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/6\/1215","article-title":"Hand prehension recovery after brachial plexus avulsion injury by performing a full-length phrenic nerve transfer via endoscopic thoracic surgery","volume":"108","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2021-0122","article-title":"Contralateral C7 nerve transfer in the treatment of upper-extremity paralysis: A review of anatomical basis, surgical approaches, and neurobiological mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.1.JNS152597","article-title":"A systematic review of outcomes of contralateral C-7 transfer for the treatment of traumatic brachial plexus injury: An international comparison","volume":"126","author":"Mathews","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"349","article-title":"Secondary ulnar nerve reconstruction of high ulnar nerve injuries: A comparative study of sural grafting and anterior interosseous nerve transfer","volume":"13","author":"Aliakbari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2022.02.007","article-title":"Anterior interosseous nerve to ulnar nerve transfer: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Thakkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1053\/jhsu.1999.1185","article-title":"Reconstruction of high ulnar nerve lesions by distal double median to ulnar nerve transfer","volume":"24","author":"Battiston","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2018.09.010","article-title":"Transferring the motor branch of the opponens pollicis to the terminal division of the deep branch of the ulnar nerve for pinch reconstruction","volume":"44","author":"Bertelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010993","article-title":"Reconstructing pinch strength after ulnar nerve injury by transferring the opponens pollicis motor branch","volume":"154","author":"Bertelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsg.2025.100844","article-title":"Nerve transfer for restoration of ulnar fingers flexion through pronator teres motor branch: A cadaveric feasibility study","volume":"8","author":"Titolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Glob. Online"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.90.6.1057","article-title":"Anatomical and functional connectivity of the transected ulnar nerve after intercostal neurotization in cats","volume":"90","author":"Isla","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_254","unstructured":"Oliver, K.A., and Ashurst, J.V. (2026, February 04). Anatomy, Thorax, Phrenic Nerves, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK513325\/."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194802000-00009","article-title":"Concerning surgical treatment of traumatic injury of the upper division of the brachial plexus (Erb\u2019s-type)","volume":"127","author":"Lurje","year":"1948","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A125","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000338865.19411.7F","article-title":"Phrenic nerve transfer in the restoration of elbow flexion in brachial plexus avulsion injuries: How effective and safe is it?","volume":"65","author":"Siqueira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492318805338","article-title":"Diaphragmatic paralysis following open-heart surgery in an 18-month-old child","volume":"26","author":"Zouari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.5.642","article-title":"Successful repair of a transected phrenic nerve with restoration of diaphragmatic function","volume":"84","author":"Merav","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"1255","article-title":"The intercostal to phrenic nerve transfer: An effective means of reanimating the diaphragm in patients with high cervical spine injury","volume":"105","author":"Krieger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2019.1585706","article-title":"Thoracoscopic intercostal to phrenic nerve transfer for diaphragmatic reanimation in a child with tetraplegia","volume":"44","author":"Latreille","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106085","article-title":"Intercostal nerve transfer for restoration of the diaphragm muscle function after phrenic nerve transfer in total brachial plexus avulsion","volume":"197","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.3.SPINE10911","article-title":"Functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high cervical quadriplegia via phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing the functional spinal accessory nerve","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549159","article-title":"Diaphragmatic reinnervation in ventilator-dependent patients with cervical spinal cord injury and concomitant phrenic nerve lesions using simultaneous nerve transfers and implantable neurostimulators","volume":"31","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04490-9","article-title":"Phrenic nerve neurotization utilizing half of the spinal accessory nerve for functional restoration of the paralyzed diaphragm in high spinal cord injury secondary to brain tumor resection","volume":"36","year":"2020","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CASE24236","DOI":"10.3171\/CASE24236","article-title":"Restoration of respiration in high cervical spinal cord injury via phrenic nerve reinnervation: Illustrative case","volume":"8","author":"Javeed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Case Lessons"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.01.025","article-title":"Experimental study of nerve transfer to restore diaphragm function","volume":"137","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_267","unstructured":"Bordoni, B., and Varacallo, M.A. (2026, February 04). Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 11 (Accessory), StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK507722\/."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2016.08.005","article-title":"Partial transfer from C7 root to external branch of accessory nerve for trapezius palsy","volume":"35","author":"Goubier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.SPINE18498","article-title":"Reconstruction of the spinal accessory nerve with selective fascicular nerve transfer of the upper trunk","volume":"31","author":"Mayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/6\/103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:50:14Z","timestamp":1779796214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/6\/103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]},"references-count":269,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint18060103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint18060103","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]]}}}