{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:31:36Z","timestamp":1785403896947,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Illustrious Professional College of Physiotherapists of the Community of Madrid"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040scgh75","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Int.","Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly being explored as a tool for upper limb (UL) assessment in adults with neurological disorders. This review synthesizes the available evidence on VR-based UL assessments by analyzing their psychometric properties and potential role in clinical and research settings. Methods: This systematic review followed the Guideline for reporting systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments (PRISMA-COSMIN) and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Data extraction was independently performed by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus or a third reviewer. Psychometric evidence was evaluated using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) methodology, including risk of bias assessment, evaluation and synthesis of measurement properties, and evidence grading according to GRADE. Additionally, the clinical application context of each VR assessment was examined, and a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis was conducted to explore factors affecting implementation and future development in neurorehabilitation. Results: Twenty VR-based UL assessments were identified. VR-Box and Blocks Test represented the largest body of evidence and was the only assessment implemented across all immersion levels, with promising findings in both stroke and Parkinson\u2019s disease populations (Grade B recommendation). Immersive Action Research Arm Test demonstrated the strongest psychometric profile among the stroke sample (Grade B recommendation). Additionally, the Virtual Occupational Therapy Assistant and SaeboVR\u00ae incorporated the most ecologically valid tasks, reflecting activities closer to daily life performance. Test\u2013retest reliability and construct validity were the most frequently evaluated measurement properties. Conclusions: VR-based assessments represent promising tools for UL assessment. However, despite most systems receiving a Grade B recommendation, the supporting evidence remained low or very low certainty due to methodological shortcomings and incomplete psychometric evaluation. Therefore, more rigorous and methodologically robust research is needed to strengthen the evidence supporting their implementation in clinical practice as a complementary tool for UL assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18080142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T10:38:41Z","timestamp":1784889521000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Upper Limb Function Using Virtual Reality Technologies in Adults with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4390-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Bel-Lacoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Doctorate School, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Tob\u00edas, Ronda Hispanidad, 10, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-7037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngela","family":"Aguilera-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Motion Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomy and Motor Control Laboratory (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1118-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Cano-de-la-Cuerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Motion Analysis, Biomechanics, Ergonomy and Motor Control Laboratory (LAMBECOM), Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorc\u00f3n, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators (2024). Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol., 23, 344\u2013381."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burridge, J., Alt Murphy, M., Buurke, J., Feys, P., Keller, T., Klamroth-Marganska, V., Lamers, I., McNicholas, L., Prange, G., and Tarkka, I. (2019). A systematic review of international clinical guidelines for rehabilitation of people with neurological conditions: What recommendations are made for upper limb assessment?. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00567"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Global Report on Neurological Disorders: Navigating the Future of Neurological Conditions, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00951-y","article-title":"European evidence-based recommendations for clinical assessment of upper limb in neurorehabilitation (CAULIN): Data synthesis from systematic reviews, clinical practice guidelines and expert consensus","volume":"18","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317714576","article-title":"Do activity level outcome measures commonly used in neurological practice assess upper-limb movement quality?","volume":"31","author":"Demers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01353-6","article-title":"A systematic review of instrumented assessments for upper limb function in cerebral palsy: Current limitations and future directions","volume":"21","author":"Rozaire","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0593-x","article-title":"Leap motion controlled video game-based therapy for upper limb rehabilitation in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A feasibility study","volume":"16","author":"Baeza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrashidi, M.M., Alanazi, A.S., Alkhannani, S., Alharbi, A., Almuayrifi, S., Alhammad, A.A., Alhammad, S.A., and Mashabi, A.S. (2025). Virtual reality as an assessment tool in neurorehabilitation: A scoping review of current evidence and future directions. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-025-01439-1"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cano de la Cuerda, R. (2019). Realidad virtual y videojuegos. Nuevas Tecnolog\u00edas en Neurorrehabilitaci\u00f3n. Aplicaciones Diagn\u00f3sticas y Terap\u00e9uticas, Editorial M\u00e9dica Panamericana. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto-Escamez, F., Cort\u00e9s-P\u00e9rez, I., Obrero-Gait\u00e1n, E., and Fusco, A. (2023). Virtual reality applications in neurorehabilitation: Current panorama and challenges. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050819"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01641-9","article-title":"Patient-centered insights into virtual reality rehabilitation for stroke: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis","volume":"22","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07158-0","article-title":"Performance-based outcome measures of upper extremity in virtual reality and telerehabilitation: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1007\/s44411-026-00607-0","article-title":"Patient attitudes toward virtual reality telerehabilitation after subacute stroke: A follow-up study","volume":"127","author":"Najsrova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bratisl. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2021.1990468","article-title":"Virtual reality in post-stroke neurorehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top. Stroke Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03634-y","article-title":"Guideline for reporting systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments (OMIs): PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024","volume":"33","author":"Elsman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-024-03761-6","article-title":"COSMIN guideline for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures version 2.0","volume":"33","author":"Mokkink","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GRADE Working Group (2004). Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 328, 1490.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7454.1490"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1162\/PRES_a_00159","article-title":"Low-cost virtual reality system in evaluation of rhythmic motor patterns in elderly and Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"22","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Presence"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u00f1a, E.D., Jard\u00f3n, A., Cuesta-G\u00f3mez, A., S\u00e1nchez-Herrera-Baeza, P., Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R., and Balaguer, C. (2020). Validity of a fully-immersive VR-based version of the Box and Blocks Test for upper limb function assessment in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102773"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-00981-0","article-title":"Concurrent validity of an immersive virtual reality version of the Box and Block Test to assess manual dexterity among patients with stroke","volume":"19","author":"Everard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-022-00727-2","article-title":"A haptic-feedback virtual reality system to improve the Box and Block Test (BBT) for upper extremity motor function assessment","volume":"27","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01332-x","article-title":"Extended reality to assess post-stroke manual dexterity: Contrasts between the classic Box and Block Test, immersive virtual reality with controllers, hand-tracking, and mixed-reality tests","volume":"21","author":"Everard","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01779-6","article-title":"Reliability and validity of virtual reality Box and Block Test in healthy adults and patients with stroke: A prospective multicenter exploratory cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Yun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01114-3","article-title":"Performing a shortened version of the Action Research Arm Test in immersive virtual reality to assess post-stroke upper limb activity","volume":"19","author":"Burton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2015.2","article-title":"Upper-limb function assessment using VBBTs for stroke patients","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4236\/wjns.2020.101009","article-title":"Concurrent validity of a virtual version of Box and Block Test for patients with neurological disorders","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.02.033","article-title":"Validity of robot-based assessments of upper extremity function","volume":"98","author":"McKenzie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0116-y","article-title":"Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of the Virtual Peg Insertion Test to quantify upper limb function in patients with chronic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Fluet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00748-5","article-title":"Technology-aided assessment of functionally relevant sensorimotor impairments in arm and hand of post-stroke individuals","volume":"17","author":"Kanzler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-024-01413-x","article-title":"Influence of virtual reality and task complexity on digital health metrics assessing upper limb function","volume":"21","author":"Kanzler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"141","article-title":"Upper extremity proprioceptive assessment test using virtual environment technique in patients with stroke","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2360149","article-title":"Assessing upper extremity motor function in practice of virtual activities of daily living","volume":"23","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"81","article-title":"Upper extremity function assessment using a glove orthosis and virtual reality system","volume":"39","author":"Adams","year":"2019","journal-title":"OTJR"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0551-7","article-title":"End-point kinematics using virtual reality explaining upper limb impairment and activity capacity in stroke","volume":"16","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105547","article-title":"A computerized assessment tool for upper extremity motor performance in individuals with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"87","author":"Alavian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process Control"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00875-7","article-title":"Clinical validation of kinematic assessments of post-stroke upper limb movements with a multi-joint arm exoskeleton","volume":"18","author":"Grimm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220.2025.2500941","article-title":"Upper extremity function assessment test using virtual environment technique in stroke survivors","volume":"42","author":"Murat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Somatosens. Mot. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2340\/1650197771331","article-title":"The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. 1. A method for evaluation of physical performance","volume":"7","author":"Leyman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","article-title":"Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity","volume":"39","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198112000-00001","article-title":"A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research","volume":"4","author":"Lyle","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.7.1635","article-title":"Assessing Wolf motor function test as outcome measure for research in patients after stroke","volume":"32","author":"Wolf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Brunnstrom, S. (1970). Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia: A Neurophysiological Approach, Harper & Row."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.20.7.864","article-title":"Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale","volume":"20","author":"Brott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427","article-title":"Parkinsonism: Onset, progression and mortality","volume":"17","author":"Hoehn","year":"1967","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1179\/204577211X13207446293695","article-title":"International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011)","volume":"34","author":"Kirshblum","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"382","article-title":"Motor evaluation in vascular hemiplegia","volume":"19","author":"Demeurisse","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1979.48.1.139","article-title":"Reliability of the Finger Tapping Test and a note on sex differences","volume":"48","author":"Morrison","year":"1979","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/153944928500500102","article-title":"Adult norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of finger dexterity","volume":"5","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Occup. Ther. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-025-01699-5","article-title":"Using game performance measures to assess upper limb motor function in children with neuromotor disorders: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Armand","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.70082","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality on stroke rehabilitation: An umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"7","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69003","DOI":"10.2196\/69003","article-title":"Effect of home-based virtual reality training on upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke: Systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrera-Rojas, A., Moreno-Molina, A., Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, E., Molina-Rodr\u00edguez, N., and Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R. (2025). Effects of telerehabilitation platforms on quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. NeuroSci, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6040103"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cano-De-La-Cuerda, R., Bl\u00e1zquez-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Marcos-Ant\u00f3n, S., S\u00e1nchez-Herrera-Baeza, P., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Collado-V\u00e1zquez, S., Jim\u00e9nez-Antona, C., and Laguarta-Val, S. (2024). Economic cost of rehabilitation with robotic and virtual reality systems in people with neurological disorders: A systematic review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061531"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-023-02933-9","article-title":"Post-stroke functional assessments based on rehabilitation games and their correlation with clinical scales: A scoping review","volume":"62","author":"Tannus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.5334\/jopd.101","article-title":"The Replication Database: Documenting the replicability of psychological science","volume":"12","author":"Kaiser","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Open Psychol. Data"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hansur.2024.101981","article-title":"Validity and reliability of an immersive virtual reality adaptation of the 6-minute pegboard and ring test","volume":"44","author":"Maden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hand Surg. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-025-01165-6","article-title":"Application of a virtual reality-based measurement of simple reaction time in adults: A psychometric evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e65736","article-title":"Setup for the quantitative assessment of motion and muscle activity during a virtual modified box and block test","volume":"203","author":"Taitano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108744","article-title":"Using virtual reality-based neurocognitive testing and eye tracking to study naturalistic cognitive-motor performance","volume":"194","author":"Wilf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FFern\u00e1ndez-Ca\u00f1as, M., Ortiz-Guti\u00e9rrez, R.M., Mart\u00edn-Casas, P., Estrada-Barranco, C., Marcos-Ant\u00f3n, S., Bl\u00e1zquez-Fern\u00e1ndez, A., Laguarta-Val, S., Jim\u00e9nez-Antona, C., and Cano-De-La-Cuerda, R. (2025). Cybersickness evaluation in immersive virtual environments: A systematic review with implications for neurological rehabilitation. J. Clin. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010046"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5101.2010124","article-title":"Telerrehabilitaci\u00f3n y neurolog\u00eda","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"52","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of the MYO Armband\u00ae device in combination with specifically designed video games for upper limb rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"23","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/8\/142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:19:38Z","timestamp":1784891978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/8\/142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint18080142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint18080142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]}}}