{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:26:55Z","timestamp":1787218015358,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Int.","Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) is a complex vascular disorder involving both thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta and remains associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. One of the most serious complications after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair is spinal cord ischemia (SCI), which may progress to spinal cord infarction and result in irreversible neurologic deficits including paraplegia, neurogenic bladder dysfunction, and bowel dysfunction. The incidence of SCI after TAAA repair varies with the extent of aneurysmal involvement, operative duration, and patient comorbidities. The primary pathophysiologic mechanism involves interruption of radiculomedullary arterial flow, compounded by systemic hypotension and limited collateral circulation. Because SCI profoundly affects functional recovery and long-term quality of life, prevention and early recognition are central to perioperative management. Established neuroprotective strategies emphasize maintenance of spinal cord perfusion through meticulous hemodynamic optimization, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, and temperature modulation. Intraoperative neuromonitoring using motor and somatosensory-evoked potential facilitates early detection, while newer modalities such as near-infrared spectroscopy and CSF lactate monitoring may offer additional insight. When SCI occurs despite prophylaxis, rapid initiation of rescue measures including CSF drainage, hemodynamic augmentation, and other discussed treatments may improve neurologic outcomes. Long-term care focuses on rehabilitation, symptom management, and psychological support. Therefore, this review aims to consolidate medical evidence to improve the prevention, detection, and treatment of spinal cord infarction associated with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18080156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1787213420000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spinal Cord Ischemia After Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Pathophysiology, Detection, and Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3685-1838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janak","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirza","family":"Bulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"Kim-Tenser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiro","family":"Fuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukgu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Emanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4294-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawaz Philip","family":"Tarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00772-018-0410-z","article-title":"Staged procedures for prevention of spinal cord ischemia in endovascular aortic surgery","volume":"23","author":"Heidemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gef\u00e4sschirurgie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1986.avs0030389","article-title":"Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms: Preoperative and intraoperative factors determining immediate and long-term results of operations in 605 patients","volume":"3","author":"Crawford","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.10.039","article-title":"A systematic review of spinal cord ischemia prevention and management after open and endovascular aortic repair","volume":"75","author":"Lella","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.09.022","article-title":"Extent of aortic coverage and incidence of spinal cord ischemia after thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair","volume":"86","author":"Feezor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.06.023","article-title":"The collateral network concept: A reassessment of the anatomy of spinal cord perfusion","volume":"141","author":"Etz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800830122","article-title":"Thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and dissection: An investigation based on autopsy","volume":"83","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2022-adw-0119","article-title":"Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm in women: Many questions remain regarding their poor outcome","volume":"12","author":"Borghese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marturano, F., Nisi, F., Giustiniano, E., Benedetto, F., Piccioni, F., and Ripani, U. (2022). Prevention of spinal cord injury during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms repair: What the anaesthesiologist should know. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12101629"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2015.01.044","article-title":"Risk factors for spinal cord ischemia after endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"61","author":"Bisdas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"323","article-title":"Genetics of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic dissections and aneurysms","volume":"43","author":"Rios","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"267215","article-title":"Aortic disease in the young: Genetic aneurysm syndromes, connective tissue disorders, and familial aortic aneurysms and dissections","volume":"2013","author":"Cury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.20578","article-title":"Infectious thoracic aortitis: A literature review","volume":"32","author":"Lopes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Gofur, E.M., and Singh, P. (2025). Anatomy, back, vertebral canal blood supply. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.03.017","article-title":"The vascular supply to the spinal cord and its relationship to anterior spine surgical approaches","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.08.236","article-title":"Comparative outcomes of open, hybrid, and fenestrated branched endovascular repair of extent II and III thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"71","author":"Arnaoutakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2018.05.043","article-title":"Open versus endovascular repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysm disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Harky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torre, D.E., and Pirri, C. (2025). Spinal cord protection in open and endovascular aortic surgery: Current strategies, controversies and future directions. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1671350"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2025.08.030","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on endovascular repair of nonelective thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and aneurysms involving visceral arteries","volume":"83","author":"Spath","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.02.036","article-title":"Fate of patients with spinal cord ischemia complicating thoracic endovascular aortic repair","volume":"58","author":"DeSart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04137-1","article-title":"Intraoperative spinal cord monitoring during descending thoracic and thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery","volume":"74","author":"Dong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2005.09.042","article-title":"The value of motor evoked potentials in reducing paraplegia during thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair","volume":"43","author":"Jacobs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.10.032","article-title":"Spinal near-infrared spectroscopy measurements during and after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: A pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Boezeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.08.004","article-title":"2022 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease","volume":"80","author":"Isselbacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199701000-00007","article-title":"Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure and lactate concentrations during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery","volume":"86","author":"Drenger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.30","article-title":"Effect of intrathecal papaverine on blood flow and secondary injury in injured cord","volume":"46","author":"Yong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-017-0974-1","article-title":"Spinal cord injury after thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair","volume":"64","author":"Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.04.027","article-title":"Strategies to manage paraplegia risk after endovascular stent repair of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"80","author":"Cheung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosvall, L., Karelis, A., Sonesson, B., and Dias, N.V. (2024). A dedicated preventive protocol sustainably avoids spinal cord ischemia after endovascular aortic repair. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2024.1440674"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.05.136","article-title":"Implementation of a bundled protocol significantly reduces risk of spinal cord ischemia after branched or fenestrated endovascular aortic repair","volume":"67","author":"Scali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000086664.90571.7a","article-title":"Distal aortic perfusion and cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracoabdominal and descending thoracic aortic repair: Ten years of organ protection","volume":"238","author":"Safi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"308","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage in thoracoabdominal aortic surgery","volume":"13","author":"Coselli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.07.076","article-title":"Complications of spinal fluid drainage in thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: A report of 486 patients treated from 1987 to 2008","volume":"49","author":"Wynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"CD003635","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage for thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.03.017","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid drainage to prevent paraplegia during thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Abouzahr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2025.01.216","article-title":"Evolving practices of spinal drain use for branch\/fenestrated endovascular aortic repair patients in the United States Aortic Research Consortium","volume":"81","author":"Sickels","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2020.05.076","article-title":"Society for Vascular Surgery clinical practice guidelines of thoracic endovascular aortic repair for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"73","author":"Upchurch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181d47d48","article-title":"2010 ACCF\/AHA\/AATS\/ACR\/ASA\/SCA\/SCAI\/SIR\/STS\/SVM Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Thoracic Aortic Disease","volume":"121","author":"Hiratzka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivt384","article-title":"Novel application of acetazolamide to reduce cerebrospinal fluid production in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic surgery","volume":"18","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.11.043","article-title":"Naloxone Continuous Infusion for Spinal Cord Protection in Endovascular Aortic Surgery Leads to Higher Opioid Administration and More Pain","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2004.07.005","article-title":"Naloxone lowers cerebrospinal fluid levels of excitatory amino acids after thoracoabdominal aortic surgery","volume":"40","author":"Kunihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2021.1925058","article-title":"Evaluation and management of autonomic dysreflexia and other autonomic dysfunctions: Preventing the highs and lows","volume":"44","author":"Krassioukov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000184","article-title":"Activity-Based Therapy: From Basic Science to Clinical Application for Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"41","author":"Behrman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.01.120","article-title":"Spinal cord deficit after 1114 extent II open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs","volume":"159","author":"Coselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.147040","article-title":"Intravenous delivery of mesenchymal stem cells protects both white and gray matter in spinal cord ischemia","volume":"1747","author":"Yasuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.22540\/JMNI-25-056","article-title":"Rehabilitation perspectives in spinal cord ischemia after major vascular surgery: A case series","volume":"25","author":"Niki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38852","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038852","article-title":"Rehabilitation report of 2 cases of spinal cord ischemic injury after intra-aortic repair","volume":"103","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2012.21","article-title":"Biopsychosocial outcomes in individuals with and without spinal cord injury: A Swiss comparative study","volume":"50","author":"Geyh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310379063","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the management of psychological outcomes following spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Dorstyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2021.100778","article-title":"Effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on rehabilitation patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.400","article-title":"Activity-based therapy for recovery of walking in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: Results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"95","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101960","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain after spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hunt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaye, A.D., Armistead, G., Amedio, L.S., Manthei, M.E., Ahmadzadeh, S., Bernhardt, B., and Shekoohi, S. (2025). Evolving treatment strategies for neuropathic pain: A narrative review. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61061063"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0314","DOI":"10.34133\/cbsystems.0314","article-title":"Epidural electrical stimulation for functional recovery in incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cyborg Bionic Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26772","article-title":"Spasticity predicts motor recovery for patients with subacute motor complete spinal cord injury","volume":"95","author":"Sangari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13211","article-title":"AAPM&R consensus guidance on spasticity assessment and management","volume":"16","author":"Raghavan","year":"2024","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2023.03.003","article-title":"Neuromodulation and quality of life for patient with spasticity after spinal cord injury","volume":"172","author":"Biktimirov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8212-2","article-title":"Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Evaluation and management","volume":"263","author":"Tudor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002235","article-title":"The AUA\/SUFU guideline on adult neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction: Diagnosis and evaluation","volume":"206","author":"Ginsberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-024-01002-8","article-title":"Bowel burdens: A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationships between bowel dysfunction and quality of life after spinal cord injury","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2024.07.005","article-title":"Managing neurogenic bowel after spinal cord injury","volume":"36","author":"La","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaa476","article-title":"Postoperative spinal cord ischaemia: Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical features","volume":"60","author":"Yasuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.13051","article-title":"Autonomic dysreflexia: Current pharmacologic management","volume":"15","author":"Solinsky","year":"2023","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.58","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and effectiveness of topical nitroglycerin at lowering blood pressure during autonomic dysreflexia","volume":"55","author":"Solinsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4558","article-title":"Effects of activity-based therapy interventions on mobility, independence, and quality of life for people with spinal cord injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Refshauge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320927384","article-title":"Task-specific versus impairment-based training on locomotor performance in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury: A randomized crossover study","volume":"34","author":"Lotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.10.003","article-title":"Longitudinal recovery and reduced costs after 120 sessions of locomotor training for motor incomplete spinal cord injury","volume":"99","author":"Morrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001828","article-title":"Effects of dynamic overground body weight support training during inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"101","author":"Powell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-021-00882-8","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation cycling exercise after spinal cord injury: A systematic review of health and fitness-related outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Valentino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorgey, A.S., Khalil, R.E., Sutor, T.W., Goldsmith, J.A., and Cifu, D.X. (2022). Employment of neuromuscular electrical stimulation to examine muscle and bone qualities after spinal cord injury. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226681"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2023.0047","article-title":"Exercise responses during outdoor versus virtual reality indoor arm+FES-leg cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Hasnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n, F., Rojas, C., Aliseda, M.J., del R\u00edo, G., Monzalvo, E., Pliego-Carrillo, A., Figueroa, J., Ibarra, A., Lavrov, I., and Cuellar, C.A. (2024). Case report: Combined transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation and physical therapy on recovery of neurological function after spinal cord infarction. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1459835"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estes, S., Zarkou, A., Hope, J.M., Suri, C., and Field-Fote, E.C. (2021). Combined transcutaneous spinal stimulation and locomotor training to improve walking function and reduce spasticity in subacute spinal cord injury: A randomized study of clinical feasibility and efficacy. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10061167"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2019.10.003","article-title":"Elective multistaged endovascular repair of thoraco-abdominal aneurysms with fenestrated and branched endografts to mitigate spinal cord ischaemia","volume":"59","author":"Bertoglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."}],"container-title":["Neurology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/8\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:02:50Z","timestamp":1787216570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2035-8377\/18\/8\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["neurolint18080156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurolint18080156","relation":{},"ISSN":["2035-8377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2035-8377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]}}}