{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:08:04Z","timestamp":1789470484795,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurol. Int.","Neurology International"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The routine insertion of a postoperative intracranial drain following surgical evacuation of brain abscesses or subdural empyemas is practiced by some surgeons to facilitate pus evacuation and to enable cavity lavage, but robust evidence for clinical benefit is lacking. This study evaluates whether postoperative drain placement affects reoperation rates, length of hospital stay, and duration of antibiotic therapy. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients who underwent surgical drainage or excision of a primary intracranial abscess or empyema at our tertiary center between January 2020 and January 2026. Patients were grouped by whether a postoperative intracranial drain was placed. The primary endpoint was recurrence requiring reoperation. Secondary endpoints included hospital length of stay, total duration of antibiotic therapy, and operative time. Continuous variables were compared with t-tests and categorical variables with Fisher\u2019s exact test; p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Eighty procedures were identified, and 36 patients met inclusion criteria for final analysis; eight (22.2%) received a postoperative intracranial drain, and 28 (77.8%) did not. Overall, 13 patients (36.1%) required reoperation for radiological or clinical progression. Reoperation occurred in 50% of patients with a drain and 32.1% without a drain (p = 0.422). Median hospital stay and duration of antibiotic therapy did not differ significantly between groups (median hospital stay 27.1 vs. 23.0 days, p = 0.50; median antibiotic duration 67.3 vs. 51.7 days, p = 0.445). Operative time and infection volume rates were also similar between cohorts. Conclusions: In this single-center retrospective cohort, placement of a postoperative intracranial drain after surgical management of brain abscesses or empyemas was not associated with reduced reoperation rates, shorter hospitalization, or shorter antibiotic treatment. Given the absence of demonstrable clinical benefit and the potential risks related to drain placement, routine insertion of postoperative drains cannot be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint18090174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:32:01Z","timestamp":1789468321000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Insertion of a Postoperative Drain After Surgeries for Intracranial Abscesses or Empyemas\u2014A Single-Center Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Harun","family":"Asoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2607-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Lampmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saif-Eldin","family":"Abedellatif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0955-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7986-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Banat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hartmut","family":"Vatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motaz","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hall, W.A., and Mesfin, F.B. 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