{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:11:04Z","timestamp":1792653064913,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":240,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been long thought of as a functional equivalent to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricting blood flow into the spinal cord. The spinal cord is supported by various disc tissues that provide agility and has different local immune responses compared to the brain. Though physiologically, structural components of the BSCB and BBB share many similarities, the clinical landscape significantly differs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the composition of BSCB and also to establish the cause\u2013effect relationship with aberrations and spinal cord dysfunctions. Here, we provide a descriptive analysis of the anatomy, current techniques to assess the impairment of BSCB, associated risk factors and impact of spinal disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve injury (PNI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cavernous malformations (SCM) and cancer on BSCB dysfunction. Along with diagnostic and mechanistic analyses, we also provide an up-to-date account of available therapeutic options for BSCB repair. We emphasize the need to address BSCB as an individual entity and direct future research towards it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T04:35:57Z","timestamp":1640061357000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier: Its Role in Spinal Disorders and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Neha","family":"Chopra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9009-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spiro","family":"Menounos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-8632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaesung P.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4741-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip M.","family":"Hansbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish D.","family":"Diwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1866-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhirup","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spine Labs, St. George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"},{"name":"Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09513","article-title":"Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis","volume":"468","author":"Daneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00211-2","article-title":"Increase in blood-brain barrier leakage in healthy, older adults","volume":"42","author":"Verheggen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.2007.3.2.259","article-title":"Natalizumab: A new treatment for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ther. 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