{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:45:03Z","timestamp":1790480703979,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic Stress Disorder is a chronic condition that occurs following a traumatic experience. Information processing models of PTSD focus on integrating situationally triggered sensory-emotional memories with consciously accessible autobiographical memories. Review of the nature of implicit memory supports the view that sensory-emotional memories are implicit in nature. Dissociation was also found to be associated with the development and severity of PTSD, as well as deficits in autobiographical memory. Moreover, disorganized attachment (DA) was associated with greater degrees of dissociation and PTSD, and like the defining neural activation in PTSD, was found to be associated with basal ganglia activity. In addition, subcortical neuroception of safety promotes a neurophysiological substrate supportive of social engagement and inhibition of fear-based responses. Furthermore, activation of representations of co-created imagined scenes of safety and secure attachment are associated with increases in this neurophysiological substrate. Repeated priming of secure attachment imagery was associated with modification of internal working models of DA along with reductions in dissociation and recovery from complex PTSD. In conclusion, it is posited that adequate recovery from extensive trauma experiences requires more than conscious elaboration of traumatic autobiographical memories and that the application of implicit nonconscious memory modification strategies will facilitate more optimal recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1642545992000},"page":"63-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Role of Implicit Memory in the Development and Recovery from Trauma-Related Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Louis F.","family":"Damis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Health Psychology, PA, Oviedo, FL 32765, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Association, A.P. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing. [5th ed.]. DSM-5."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000025","article-title":"Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Ehlers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.02.019","article-title":"Impairment in active navigation from trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"140","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2015.01.007","article-title":"Impaired allocentric spatial processing in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"119","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2019.107093","article-title":"Allocentric spatial memory performance predicts intrusive memory severity in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"166","author":"Sierk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.01.010","article-title":"Acute Effects of Alcohol on Intrusive Memory Development and Viewpoint Dependence in Spatial Memory Support a Dual Representation Model","volume":"68","author":"Bisby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsw028","article-title":"Opposing effects of negative emotion on amygdalar and hippocampal memory for items and associations","volume":"11","author":"Bisby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018113","article-title":"Intrusive images in psychological disorders: Characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications","volume":"117","author":"Brewin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033722","article-title":"Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"140","author":"Brewin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.462","article-title":"The unbearable automaticity of being","volume":"54","author":"Bargh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rovee-Collier, C.K., Hayne, H., and Colombo, M. (2001). The Development of Implicit and Explicit Memory, John Benjamins Publishing Company.","DOI":"10.1075\/aicr.24"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.4.559","article-title":"Understanding Implicit Memory: A cognitive neuroscience approach","volume":"47","author":"Schacter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"361","article-title":"Remembering and Knowing the Past","volume":"77","author":"Tulving","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:3<205::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Episodic memory, semantic memory, and amnesia","volume":"8","author":"Squire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.126","article-title":"The Episodic Memory System: Neurocircuitry and Disorders","volume":"35","author":"Dickerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"365","article-title":"The memory of what we do not recall: Dissociations and theoretical debates in the study of implicit memory","volume":"38","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.04.001","article-title":"Chapter 3\u2014Cortico-hippocampal systems involved in memory and cognition: The PMAT framework","volume":"Volume 219","author":"Tsanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.11.3.501","article-title":"Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects","volume":"11","author":"Graf","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slotnick, S.D. (2017). Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316026687"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019","article-title":"The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research","volume":"51","author":"Reber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13515","article-title":"Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems","volume":"93","author":"Squire","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.3.244","article-title":"Priming and Multiple Memory Systems: Perceptual Mechanisms of Implicit Memory","volume":"4","author":"Schacter","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409070102","article-title":"Redefining implicit and explicit memory: The functional neuroanatomy of priming, remembering, and control of retrieval","volume":"102","author":"Schott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.9.1043","article-title":"Implicit memory: Retention without remembering","volume":"45","author":"Roediger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00438","article-title":"The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins","volume":"8","author":"Camina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00310.x","article-title":"Double Dissociation Between Memory Systems Underlying Explicit and Implicit Memory in the Human Brain","volume":"6","author":"Gabrieli","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh400","article-title":"Memory encoding in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An fMRI study of explicit and implicit memory","volume":"128","author":"Golby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3401-04.2005","article-title":"The Roles of the Caudate Nucleus in Human Classification Learning","volume":"25","author":"Seger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(68)90024-9","article-title":"Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision","volume":"6","author":"Corkin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn726","article-title":"What\u2019s new with the amnesic patient H.M.?","volume":"3","author":"Corkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.090","article-title":"Neural correlates of skill acquisition: Decreased cortical activity during a serial interception sequence learning task","volume":"58","author":"Gobel","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21131","article-title":"Neural Evidence of Statistical Learning: Efficient Detection of Visual Regularities Without Awareness","volume":"21","author":"Scholl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00075-4","article-title":"Statistical learning of tone sequences by human infants and adults","volume":"70","author":"Saffran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00004-5","article-title":"Visual statistical learning in infancy: Evidence for a domain general learning mechanism","volume":"83","author":"Kirkham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.04.072","article-title":"Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants","volume":"31","author":"Ellis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032305","article-title":"Implicit perceptual-motor skill learning in mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Gobel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5360.77","article-title":"Classical Conditioning and Brain Systems: The Role of Awareness","volume":"280","author":"Clark","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.11.015","article-title":"Neural substrates of explicit and implicit fear memory","volume":"45","author":"Knight","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020263","article-title":"Classical Conditioning of Autonomic Fear Responses Is Independent of Contingency Awareness","volume":"36","author":"Schultz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1989.1.3.238","article-title":"Indelibility of Subcortical Emotional Memories","volume":"1","author":"LeDoux","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luck, S.J., and Kappenman, E.S. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195374148.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/33396","article-title":"Dissociation of the neural correlates of implicit and explicit memory","volume":"392","author":"Rugg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.6.1021","article-title":"Recall and stem-completion priming have different electrophysiological correlates and are modified differentially by directed forgetting","volume":"16","author":"Paller","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260045828","article-title":"Perceptual Priming Versus Explicit Memory: Dissociable Neural Correlates at Encoding","volume":"14","author":"Schott","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.069","article-title":"A critical role of the human hippocampus in an electrophysiological measure of implicit memory","volume":"109","author":"Addante","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.11.2.243","article-title":"Event-related brain potential examination of implicit memory processes: Masked and unmasked repetition priming","volume":"11","author":"Schnyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2260","article-title":"An electrophysiological signature of unconscious recognition memory","volume":"12","author":"Voss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-007-0459-7","article-title":"ERP dissociation and connection between implicit and explicit memory","volume":"52","author":"Meng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(90)90034-B","article-title":"A developmental study of event-related potentials during explicit and implicit memory","volume":"10","author":"Berman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.021","article-title":"Neural Networks of Information Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study","volume":"58","author":"Bryant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(91)90129-Q","article-title":"Implicit and explicit memory bias for threat in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"29","author":"Zeitlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02227965","article-title":"Implicit memory bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"20","author":"Amir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-6185(95)00040-2","article-title":"Subliminal processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder?","volume":"10","author":"McNally","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-008-9211-0","article-title":"Implicit Memory and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms","volume":"34","author":"Amir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1664477","article-title":"The impact of trauma exposure on explicit and implicit memory","volume":"33","author":"Gosselin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.5.1.103","article-title":"Enhanced Priming for Trauma-Related Material in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"5","author":"Michael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021080","article-title":"Enhanced priming for trauma-related words predicts posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"120","author":"Ehring","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001048","article-title":"Perceptual processing advantages for trauma-related visual cues in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"42","author":"Kleim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.10.001","article-title":"Perceptual processing during trauma, priming and the development of intrusive memories","volume":"44","author":"Hauschildt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036787","article-title":"Implicit and explicit memory in survivors of chronic interpersonal violence","volume":"7","author":"Minshew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.3.359","article-title":"Implicit Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Amnesia for the Traumatic Event","volume":"10","author":"Krikorian","year":"1998","journal-title":"JNP"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.07.007","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress influences the brain even in the absence of symptoms: A systematic, quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies","volume":"56","author":"Stark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.03.006","article-title":"Relations among peritraumatic dissociation and posttraumatic stress: A meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Steele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v08n01_04","article-title":"Is Peritraumatic Dissociation a Risk Factor for PTSD?","volume":"8","author":"Breh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.004","article-title":"Peritraumatic dissociation and experiential avoidance as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology","volume":"43","author":"Marx","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1081","article-title":"Objective Assessment of Peritraumatic Dissociation: Psychophysiological Indicators","volume":"154","author":"Griffin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.11.1808","article-title":"Peritraumatic Dissociation and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Motor Vehicle Accidents","volume":"156","author":"Ursano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1337","article-title":"The Predictive Power of Peritraumatic Dissociation and Acute Stress Symptoms for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Three-Month Prospective Study","volume":"160","author":"Birmes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.12.2295","article-title":"Peritraumatic and Persistent Dissociation in the Presumed Etiology of PTSD","volume":"162","author":"Briere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06642","article-title":"Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Peritraumatic Dissociation in an Acutely Traumatized Sample","volume":"73","author":"Daniels","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1445-2","article-title":"Assessing the structure and meaningfulness of the dissociative subtype of PTSD","volume":"53","author":"Ross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115615212","article-title":"The Dissociative Subtype of PTSD Scale: Initial Evaluation in a National Sample of Trauma-Exposed Veterans","volume":"24","author":"Wolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708002742","article-title":"Dissociative responses to conscious and non-conscious fear impact underlying brain function in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Felmingham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.017","article-title":"Dissociative subtype of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in U.S. veterans","volume":"66\u201367","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.01.004","article-title":"The dissociative subtype of PTSD in women with substance use disorders: Exploring symptom and exposure profiles","volume":"99","author":"Gidzgier","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657372","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1657372","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder at an outpatient trauma clinic in South Korea","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.017","article-title":"A review of the relation between dissociation, memory, executive functioning and social cognition in military members and civilians with neuropsychiatric conditions","volume":"90","author":"McKinnon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463794","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1463794","article-title":"Dissociative symptoms mediate the relation between PTSD symptoms and functional impairment in a sample of military members, veterans, and first responders with PTSD","volume":"9","author":"Boyd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00449","article-title":"Neural Systems for Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229409017088","article-title":"The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress","volume":"1","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.04.006","article-title":"Unwanted memories of assault: What intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?","volume":"43","author":"Michael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Nash, M., Galatzer-Levy, I., Krystal, J.H., Duman, R., and Neumeister, A. (2014). Neurocircuitry and neuroplasticity in PTSD. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29061","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.29061","article-title":"Dissociative symptoms are associated with reduced neuropsychological performance in patients with recurrent depression and a history of trauma exposure","volume":"7","author":"Parlar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp112","article-title":"Reduced Hippocampal Activity in Youth with Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: An fMRI Study","volume":"35","author":"Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatric. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90121-9","article-title":"Dissociative detachment and memory impairment: Reversible amnesia or encoding failure?","volume":"40","author":"Allen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318801111","article-title":"Out-of-body\u2013induced hippocampal amnesia","volume":"111","author":"Bergouignan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Schore, A.N. (2003). Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology), W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.41.4.472","article-title":"Trauma, dissociation, and disorganized attachment: Three strands of a single braid","volume":"41","author":"Liotti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. Train."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v07n04_04","article-title":"A Model of Dissociation Based on Attachment Theory and Research","volume":"7","author":"Liotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060172","article-title":"Frightened, threatening, and dissociative parental behavior in low-risk samples: Description, discussion, and interpretations","volume":"18","author":"Hesse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., and Shaver, P.R. (2017). Attachment in Adulthood, Second Edition: Structure, Dynamics, and Change, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2020.1869654","article-title":"The Link from Child Abuse to Dissociation: The Roles of Adult Disorganized Attachment, Self-Concept Clarity, and Reflective Functioning","volume":"22","author":"Paetzold","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002035","article-title":"Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae","volume":"11","author":"Ijzendoorn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"63","article-title":"From Infant Attachment Disorganization to Adult Dissociation: Relational Adaptations or Traumatic Experiences?","volume":"29","author":"Dutra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"117","article-title":"Multiple personality disorder as an attachment disorder","volume":"4","author":"Barach","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dissociation Prog. Dissociative Disord."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001478","article-title":"Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample","volume":"9","author":"Ogawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"196","article-title":"Disorganized\/disoriented attachment in the etiology of the dissociative disorders","volume":"5","author":"Liotti","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730902814762","article-title":"The first 10,000 Adult Attachment Interviews: Distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups","volume":"11","year":"2009","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.032","article-title":"Disorganized attachment and emotion dysregulation as mediators of the association between sexual abuse and dissociation in preschoolers","volume":"267","author":"Langevin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730701349721","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment, complex trauma symptoms, and unresolved attachment in an at-risk sample of adolescent mothers","volume":"9","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1996.11024765","article-title":"The Relationship between Attachment and Dissociation in Adult Survivors of Incest","volume":"59","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0461-9","article-title":"Memories of attachment hamper EEG cortical connectivity in dissociative patients","volume":"264","author":"Farina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.3.300","article-title":"Types of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences","volume":"1","author":"Waller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2014.926945","article-title":"Unresolved mourning, supernatural beliefs and dissociation: A mediation analysis","volume":"16","author":"Thomson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/14616734.2012.661602","article-title":"Dissociation and the Adult Attachment Interview in artists and performing artists","volume":"14","author":"Thomson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Attach. Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12181","article-title":"The links between adult attachment and post-traumatic stress: A systematic review","volume":"92","author":"Barazzone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safir, M.P., Wallach, H.S., and Rizzo, A. (2015). An Attachment Perspective on Traumatic and Posttraumatic Reactions. Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7522-5"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583525","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2019.1583525","article-title":"Unresolved\u2013disorganized attachment adjusted for a general psychopathology factor associated with atypical amygdala resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"10","author":"Riem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2298\/PSI1302127J","article-title":"Attachment disorganization in different clinical groups: What underpins unresolved attachment?","volume":"46","author":"Juen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psihologija"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2298\/PSI1401081J","article-title":"Attachment and posttraumatic symptomatology following physical injury accidents","volume":"47","author":"Juen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psihologija"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.07.002","article-title":"The Relationship between Adult Attachment Style and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01155-7","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: Implications for PTSD","volume":"47","author":"Fenster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.3.273","article-title":"A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex Responses to Overtly Presented Fearful Faces in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"62","author":"Shin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858409333072","article-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Role of Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala","volume":"15","author":"Koenigs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1983). Attachment and Loss, Volume One: Attachment, Basic Books. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.5.759","article-title":"The Origins of Attachment Theory","volume":"28","author":"Bretherton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E., and Wall, S.N. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: Assessed in the Strange Situation and at Home, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.021311.110","article-title":"Infantile amnesia: A neurogenic hypothesis","volume":"19","author":"Josselyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.05.002","article-title":"Hippocampal neurogenesis and forgetting","volume":"36","author":"Frankland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/08037060701676326","article-title":"New approaches to understanding unconscious processes: Implicit and explicit memory systems","volume":"16","author":"Cortina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Forum Psychoanal."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1996.11024764","article-title":"Affect, Attachment, Memory: Contributions Toward Psychobiologic Integration","volume":"59","author":"Amini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.4.505","article-title":"Biology and the Future of Psychoanalysis: A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry Revisited","volume":"156","author":"Kandel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0355(199823)19:3<300::AID-IMHJ5>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The process of therapeutic change involving implicit knowledge: Some implications of developmental observations for adult psychotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Stern","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infant Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"103","article-title":"Some Neurobiological Aspects of Psychotherapy: A Review","volume":"8","author":"Liggan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsr074","article-title":"Distinct but overlapping neural networks subserve depression and insecure attachment","volume":"7","author":"Galynker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Geroge, C., Kaplan, N., and Main, M. (1996). The Adult Attachment Interview, Department of Psychology, University of California. [3rd ed.]. unpublished manuscript."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niklasson, L., Bod\u00e9n, M., and Ziemke, T. (1998, January 2\u20134). The Basal Ganglia viewed as an Action Selection Device. Proceedings of the ICANN 98, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-1599-1"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.04.004","article-title":"Working together: Basal ganglia pathways in action selection","volume":"37","author":"Friend","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2012-0063","article-title":"The role of the basal ganglia in motivated behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cunha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.05.001","article-title":"Evolutionary Conservation of the Basal Ganglia as a Common Vertebrate Mechanism for Action Selection","volume":"21","author":"Samuelsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028125","article-title":"Mental representations of attachment figures facilitate recovery following upsetting autobiographical memory recall","volume":"103","author":"Selcuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2017.08.010","article-title":"Activating attachment representations during memory retrieval modulates intrusive traumatic memories","volume":"55","author":"Bryant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, R.A., and Foord, R. (2016). Activating Attachments Reduces Memories of Traumatic Images. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162550"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowe, A.C., Gold, E.R., and Carnelley, K.B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Attachment Security Priming in Improving Positive Affect and Reducing Negative Affect: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030968"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2018.37.1.44","article-title":"Attachment Security Priming as a Potential Intervention for Depressive Symptoms","volume":"37","author":"McGuire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soc. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2018.03.001","article-title":"Attachment security priming: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Gillath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2007.00156.x","article-title":"Repeated priming of attachment security influences later views of self and relationships","volume":"14","author":"Carnelley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2008.00120.x","article-title":"Moving Toward a Secure Attachment Style: Can Repeated Security Priming Help?","volume":"2","author":"Gillath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, R.A., and Hutanamon, T. (2018). Activating attachments enhances heart rate variability. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151747"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702619866387","article-title":"Reconsolidating Intrusive Distressing Memories by Thinking of Attachment Figures","volume":"7","author":"Bryant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23166","article-title":"Secure attachment primes reduce fear consolidation","volume":"38","author":"Toumbelekis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12244","article-title":"Attachment and compassion-threat: Influence of a secure attachment-prime","volume":"93","author":"Baldwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2011.04.003","article-title":"Secure attachment partners attenuate neural responses to social exclusion: An fMRI investigation","volume":"81","author":"Karremans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108239108","article-title":"Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience","volume":"108","author":"Eisenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu127","article-title":"Attachment-security priming attenuates amygdala activation to social and linguistic threat","volume":"10","author":"Norman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy065","article-title":"Thinking of attachment figures blocks differential fear conditioning","volume":"13","author":"Toumbelekis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407509360900","article-title":"Adult attachment and the brain","volume":"27","author":"Coan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liddell, B.J., and Courtney, B.S. (2018). Attachment buffers the physiological impact of social exclusion. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203287"},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Porges, S.W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology), W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Porges, S.W. (2021). Polyvagal Safety: Attachment, Communication, Self-Regulation, W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.4.1680","article-title":"A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating \u201cunseen\u201d fear","volume":"96","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.11.056","article-title":"Functional Evidence for a Dual Route to Amygdala","volume":"22","author":"Garrido","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2010.10401719","article-title":"Memory Focused Interventions (MFI) as a Therapeutic Strategy in Hypnotic Psychotherapy","volume":"52","author":"Meyerson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Hypn."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.00996.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of the Right Brain: A Fundamental Mechanism of Traumatic Attachment and the Psychopathogenesis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"36","author":"Schore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Brown, D.P., and Elliott, D.S. (2016). Attachment Disturbances in Adults: Treatment for Comprehensive Repair, W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400879","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1400879","article-title":"Ideal Parent Figure method in the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood trauma: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Parra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychotraumatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000109","article-title":"Mechanisms of change in prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychother. Integr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1891\/1933-3196.3.3.117","article-title":"Adult PTSD and Its Treatment With EMDR: A Review of Controversies, Evidence, and Theoretical Knowledge","volume":"3","author":"Schubert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. EMDR Pract. Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2019.02.001","article-title":"Examining the nonresponse phenomenon: Factors associated with treatment response in a national sample of veterans undergoing residential PTSD treatment","volume":"63","author":"Sripada","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.2008.71.2.134","article-title":"Nonresponse and Dropout Rates in Outcome Studies on PTSD: Review and Methodological Considerations","volume":"71","author":"Schottenbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatry Interpers. Biol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Resick, P.A., Monson, C.M., and Chard, K.M. (2016). Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: A Comprehensive Manual, Guilford Publications."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103846","article-title":"Variable-length Cognitive Processing Therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in active duty military: Outcomes and predictors","volume":"141","author":"Resick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2015.1037039","article-title":"Dissociation predicts treatment response in eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"17","author":"Bae","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_165","first-page":"21208","article-title":"Trauma at the Hands of Another: Longitudinal Study of Differences in the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Profile Following Interpersonal Compared with Noninterpersonal Trauma","volume":"72","author":"Forbes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"21205","article-title":"Trauma at the Hands of Another: Distinguishing PTSD Patterns Following Intimate and Nonintimate Interpersonal and Noninterpersonal Trauma in a Nationally Representative Sample","volume":"74","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506292992","article-title":"Disorders of Extreme Stress (DESNOS) Symptoms Are Associated With Type and Severity of Interpersonal Trauma Exposure in a Sample of Healthy Young Women","volume":"21","author":"Ford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.33212\/att.v15n1.2021.36","article-title":"Co-creating secure attachment imagery to enhance relational healing","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Attachment"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1080\/00029157.2020.1794434","article-title":"Impact of hypnotic safety on disorders of gut-brain interaction: A pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Damis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Hypn."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Frewen, P., and Lanius, R. (2015). Healing the Traumatized Self: Consciousness, Neuroscience, Treatment (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology), W. W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"187","article-title":"Alterations in default network connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder related to early-life trauma","volume":"34","author":"Bluhm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2009.01391.x","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity as a predictor of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity in acutely traumatized subjects","volume":"121","author":"Lanius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101731","article-title":"Altered default mode network connectivity in adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"22","author":"Viard","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.100050","article-title":"Default mode alterations in posttraumatic stress disorder related to early-life trauma: A developmental perspective","volume":"36","author":"Daniels","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.15540\/nr.6.2.54","article-title":"Healing the Neurophysiological Roots of Trauma: A Controlled Study Examining LORETA Z-Score Neurofeedback and HRV Biofeedback for Chronic PTSD","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroRegulation"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Kolk, B.A., Hodgdon, H., Gapen, M., Musicaro, R., Suvak, M.K., Hamlin, E., and Spinazzola, J. (2016). A Randomized Controlled Study of Neurofeedback for Chronic PTSD. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166752"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000648","article-title":"The impact of neurofeedback training on children with developmental trauma: A randomized controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Rogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12229","article-title":"Plastic modulation of PTSD resting-state networks and subjective wellbeing by EEG neurofeedback","volume":"130","author":"Kluetsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20233","article-title":"London taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis","volume":"16","author":"Maguire","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.11.018","article-title":"Acquiring \u201cthe Knowledge\u201d of London\u2019s Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes","volume":"21","author":"Woollett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/0032258X19864852","article-title":"Can police be trained in trauma processing to minimise PTSD symptoms? Feasibility and proof of concept with a newly recruited UK police population","volume":"93","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Police J."}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/3\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:03:07Z","timestamp":1760133787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/3\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci3010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci3010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]}}}