{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:23:12Z","timestamp":1760149392338,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Low back pain (LBP) has been shown to have various biological, psychological, and social factors that affect prognosis. However, it is unclear how personality may influence self-reported outcome measures and therapeutic alliance (TA). Methods: Eysenck\u2019s personality inventory was used to assess personality, while the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), Global Rating of Change (GROC), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) measured patient progress and relationship strength. All outcome measures were formulated in a single survey that both the therapist and patient completed electronically. Results: Sixty-seven patients with LBP and twenty-two licensed physical therapists participated. For personality measures, there was a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and GROC (rho = 0.295, p = 0.015) and a significant negative correlation between extraversion and WAI (rho = \u22120.243, p = 0.048). Significant correlations were found between ODI and TSK (rho = 0.462, p \u2264 0.001) and between ODI and GROC (rho = \u22120.416, p \u2264 0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between TSK and GROC (rho = \u22120.301, p = 0.013). Conclusions: Patients with higher levels of disability seemed to report higher levels of kinesiophobia and less overall improvement in physical therapy. Patients classified as neurotic reported higher levels of improvement while extraverted patients demonstrated a weaker therapeutic alliance with their therapist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci4030017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1691390328000},"page":"186-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Influence of Personality Type on Patient Outcome Measures and Therapeutic Alliance in Patients with Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-0979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Hanney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahim","family":"Dhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chase","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Tomberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morey J.","family":"Kolber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9740-5917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail T.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8824-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Salamh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2017.11.6.989","article-title":"Prevalence of Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain and Its Associated Factors among Middle-Aged and Elderly People: An Analysis Based on Data from a Musculoskeletal Examination in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Iizuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01312-4","article-title":"Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain","volume":"354","author":"Andersson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000475","article-title":"Does personality predict health and well-being? A metasynthesis","volume":"36","author":"Strickhouser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.07.004","article-title":"Cybernetic Big Five Theory","volume":"56","author":"DeYoung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2019.100759","article-title":"What is personality? Two myths and a definition","volume":"57","author":"Bergner","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Ideas Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980309600635","article-title":"Communicator Image and Myers\u2014Briggs Type Indicator Extraversion\u2014Introversion","volume":"137","author":"Opt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/00131640121971437","article-title":"Reliability of Scores from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A Reliability Generalization Study","volume":"61","author":"Caruso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Randall","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Best Pract. Health Prof. Divers."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4","article-title":"Personality Trait Level and Change as Predictors of Health Outcomes: Findings from a National Study of Americans (MIDUS)","volume":"67","author":"Turiano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.02.063","article-title":"Personality and health in chronic pain: Have we failed to appreciate a relationship?","volume":"96","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.04.002","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of personality traits and their associations with mental health treatment outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Bucher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/h0085885","article-title":"The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance","volume":"16","author":"Bordin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2018.1516015","article-title":"The impact of therapeutic alliance in physical therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Kinney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20130118","article-title":"Enhanced Therapeutic Alliance Modulates Pain Intensity and Muscle Pain Sensitivity in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: An Experimental Controlled Study","volume":"94","author":"Fuentes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000644","article-title":"Personality traits and emotion regulation: A targeted review and recommendations","volume":"20","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","article-title":"The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874943701407010001","article-title":"Big Five Personality Characteristics and Adherence to Clinic-Based Rehabilitation Activities after ACL Surgery: A Prospective Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hilliard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Rehabil. J."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Maggino, F. (2022). Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Springer International Publishing. Available online: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-69909-7_905-2."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Eysenck, H.J., and Eysenck, S.B.G. (1971). Eysenck Personality Inventory, University of London Press LTD."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kreutzer, J.S., DeLuca, J., and Caplan, B. (2018). Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56782-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1982.51.2.541","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the Eysenck Personality Inventory with Outpatients","volume":"51","author":"Gabrys","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.490575","article-title":"The relationship between patient satisfaction with physical therapy care and global rating of change reported by patients receiving worker\u2019s compensation","volume":"27","author":"Beattie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2060337","article-title":"Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) and its relationship to patient-reported outcomes in painful musculoskeletal conditions","volume":"45","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2021.1946872","article-title":"\u201cSharing Success with Someone\u201d: Building therapeutic alliance in physiotherapist-delivered physical activity coaching for healthy aging","volume":"38","author":"Haynes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiother. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2103747","article-title":"Kinesiophobia and associated factors among patients with chronic non-specific low back pain","volume":"45","author":"John","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318287633c","article-title":"Kinesiophobia and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Overweight Older Adults with Chronic Low-Back Pain, Relationship to Walking Endurance: Part II","volume":"92","author":"Vincent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Bucci, M., Haynes, D., and Cundiff, M. (2022, December 04). The Effect of a Standardized Training Program to Enhance the Therapeutic Alliance in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Mixed Methods Analytical Approach. UCF DPT Research Capstone. 1 May 2022. Available online: https:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/dpt-capstone\/28."}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/4\/3\/17\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:27:03Z","timestamp":1760128023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/4\/3\/17"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci4030017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci4030017","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-4087"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]}}}