{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:11:28Z","timestamp":1767006688004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES\/Brazil) and FAPES\/I2CA","award":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"]}]},{"name":"FAPES","award":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["285\/2021","TO: 946\/2023, No. 2023-F0GWQ","TO: 565\/2023, No. 2023-BQK22","402317\/2023-8","442445\/2023-7","001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) has been recognized as a standard and powerful method for the identification of Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Motor Imagery (MI) tasks when implementing brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) systems towards the motor rehabilitation of lost movements. The combination of BCI systems with robotic systems, such as upper limb exoskeletons, has proven to be a reliable tool for neuromotor rehabilitation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of temporal and frequency segmentation combined with layer increase for spatial filtering were evaluated, using three variations of the CSP method for the identification of passive movement vs. MI+passive movement. The passive movements were generated using a left upper-limb exoskeleton to assist flexion\/extension tasks at two speeds (high\u201485 rpm and low\u201430 rpm). Ten healthy subjects were evaluated in two recording sessions using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a classifier, and accuracy (ACC) and False Positive Rate (FPR) as metrics. The results allow concluding that the use of temporal, frequency or spatial selective information does not significantly (p&lt; 0.05) improve task identification performance. Furthermore, dynamic temporal segmentation strategies may perform better than static segmentation tasks. The findings of this study are a starting point for the exploration of complex MI tasks and their application to neurorehabilitation, as well as the study of brain effects during exoskeleton-assisted MI tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci5020012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T06:59:32Z","timestamp":1715756372000},"page":"169-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of Temporal and Frequency Selective Patterns Combined with CSP Layers on Performance in Exoskeleton-Assisted Motor Imagery Tasks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1019-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian David","family":"Guerrero-Mendez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8083-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian Felipe","family":"Blanco-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamilton","family":"Rivera-Flor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1164-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Henrique","family":"Fabriz-Ulhoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Antonio","family":"Fragoso-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafhael Milanezi","family":"de Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Delisle-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Neuroengineering, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaiba 59280-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-2773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodiano Freire","family":"Bastos-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Esp\u00edrito Santo (UFES), Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padfield, N., Zabalza, J., Zhao, H., Masero, V., and Ren, J. 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