{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T02:51:44Z","timestamp":1791341504189,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Barrow Neurological Foundation","award":["P30AG072980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072980"]}]},{"name":"Sam &amp; Peggy Grossman Family Foundation","award":["P30AG072980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072980"]}]},{"name":"Samuel P. Mandell Foundation","award":["P30AG072980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072980"]}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["P30AG072980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG072980"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a transitional stage between normal aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Differentiating early MCI (EMCI) from late MCI (LMCI) is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention. This study used free-water diffusion tensor imaging (fw-DTI) to investigate white matter differences and voxel-based correlations with Mini\u2013Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Data from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative included 476 healthy controls (CN), 137 EMCI participants, and 62 LMCI participants. Significant MMSE differences were found between the CN and MCI groups, but not between EMCI and LMCI. However, distinct white matter changes were observed: LMCI showed a higher f-index and lower fw-fractional anisotropy (fw-FA) compared to EMCI in several white matter regions. These findings indicate specific white matter tracts involved in MCI progression. Voxel-based correlations between fw-DTI metrics and MMSE scores further supported these results. In conclusion, this study provides crucial insights into white matter changes associated with EMCI and LMCI, offering significant implications for future research and clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T06:53:32Z","timestamp":1737442412000},"page":"8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Distinguishing Early from Late Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Magnetic Resonance Free-Water Diffusion Tensor Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-3784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Bergamino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neuroimaging Innovation Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8811-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly M.","family":"McElvogue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neuroimaging Innovation Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barrow Neuroimaging Innovation Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2017.02.005","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"33","author":"Sanford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-X., Liang, N., Li, X.-L., Yang, S.-H., Wang, Y.-P., and Shi, N.-N. (2021). Diagnosis and treatment for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.719849"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000160089.43264.1A","article-title":"MRI predictors of risk of incident Alzheimer disease: A longitudinal study","volume":"64","author":"Stoub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161201","article-title":"Prediction of conversion to Alzheimer\u2019s disease with longitudinal measures and time-to-event data","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.3.411","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss","volume":"58","author":"Bozoki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12422","article-title":"Using the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative to improve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Veitch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.005","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2 Clinical Core: Progress and plans","volume":"11","author":"Aisen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"254","article-title":"The physical and biological basis of quantitative parameters derived from diffusion MRI","volume":"2","author":"Winston","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Jones, D.K. (2010). Diffusion MRI: Theory, Methods, and Applications, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-008-0008-x","article-title":"Hazards to hearing from combined exposure to toluene and noise in rats","volume":"21","author":"Lund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220216231","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging and its application to neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Kubicki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7531-0_7","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)","volume":"1718","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1105","article-title":"Analysis of partial volume effects in diffusion-tensor MRI","volume":"45","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10268","article-title":"High angular resolution diffusion imaging reveals intravoxel white matter fiber heterogeneity","volume":"48","author":"Tuch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.201.3.8939209","article-title":"Diffusion tensor MR imaging of the human brain","volume":"201","author":"Pierpaoli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergamino, M., Walsh, R.R., and Stokes, A.M. (2021). Free-water diffusion tensor imaging improves the accuracy and sensitivity of white matter analysis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86505-7"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22055","article-title":"Free water elimination and mapping from diffusion MRI","volume":"62","author":"Pasternak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28599","article-title":"Free-water DTI estimates from single b-value data might seem plausible but must be interpreted with care","volume":"85","author":"Golub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumont, M., Roy, M., Jodoin, P.-M., Morency, F.C., Houde, J.-C., Xie, Z., Bauer, C., Samad, T.A., Van Dijk, K.R.A., and Goodman, J.A. (2019). Free water in white matter differentiates MCI and AD from control subjects. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00270"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4549","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13034","article-title":"Free water imaging of the cholinergic system in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Schumacher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-mental state\u201d. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bra\u00f1ez-Condorena, A., Soriano-Moreno, D.R., Navarro-Flores, A., Solis-Chimoy, B., Diaz-Barrera, M.E., and Taype-Rondan, A. (2021). Accuracy of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-4 and GDS-5 for the screening of depression among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253899"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2333786","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.33786","article-title":"Evaluation of the electronic Clinical Dementia Rating for dementia screening","volume":"6","author":"Nosheny","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191121991215","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) and its reliability and validity","volume":"29","author":"Gonzales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.016","article-title":"Denoising of diffusion MRI using random matrix theory","volume":"142","author":"Veraart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.047","article-title":"Harmonization of multi-site diffusion tensor imaging data","volume":"161","author":"Fortin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.053","article-title":"Tract probability maps in stereotaxic spaces: Analyses of white matter anatomy and tract-specific quantification","volume":"39","author":"Hua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.049","article-title":"Reproducibility of quantitative tractography methods applied to cerebral white matter","volume":"36","author":"Wakana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.03.061","article-title":"Threshold-free cluster enhancement: Addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120205","article-title":"Microstructural white matter abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: Evaluation by advanced diffusion imaging","volume":"436","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kern, K.C., Zagzoug, M.S., Gottesman, R.F., Wright, C.B., and Leigh, R. (2023). Diffusion tensor free water MRI predicts progression of FLAIR white matter hyperintensities after ischemic stroke. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1172031"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X221101644","article-title":"Global changes in diffusion tensor imaging during acute ischemic stroke and post-stroke cognitive performance","volume":"42","author":"Kern","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.11.006","article-title":"Free water alterations in different inflammatory subgroups in schizophrenia","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.018","article-title":"Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: What can we gain?","volume":"34","author":"Behrens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using effect size-or why the p value is not enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2020.0749","article-title":"Dissecting the fornix in basic memory processes and neuropsychiatric disease: A review","volume":"10","author":"Benear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"100158","article-title":"Fornix degeneration in risk factors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, possible trigger of cognitive decline","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Circ. Cogn. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.05.2416","article-title":"Fornix integrity and hippocampal volume predict memory decline and progression to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Mielke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowrangi, M.A., and Rosenberg, P.B. (2015). The fornix in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00001"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-019-02357-z","article-title":"The splenium of the corpus callosum: Embryology, anatomy, function and imaging with pathophysiological hypothesis","volume":"62","author":"Blaauw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9130-1","article-title":"Contribution of callosal connections to the interhemispheric integration of visuomotor and cognitive processes","volume":"20","author":"Schulte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639430","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/639430","article-title":"Splenium of corpus callosum: Patterns of interhemispheric interaction in children and adults","volume":"2013","author":"Knyazeva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasawneh, R.R., Abu-El-Rub, E., Alzu\u2019bi, A., Abdelhady, G.T., and Al-Soudi, H.S. (2022). Corpus callosum anatomical changes in Alzheimer patients and the effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on corpus callosum morphometry. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269082"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137331","article-title":"Splenium tract projections of the corpus callosum to the parietal cortex classifies Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"810","author":"Delvenne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150253","article-title":"Diffusion kurtosis imaging: A possible MRI biomarker for AD diagnosis?","volume":"48","author":"Struyfs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-008-0286-1","article-title":"Evaluation of white matter damage in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in patients with mild cognitive impairment by using diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"113","author":"Ukmar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.08.003","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter integrity in cognitive aging","volume":"1822","author":"Madden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krogsrud, S.K., Fjell, A.M., Tamnes, C.K., Grydeland, H., Due-T\u00f8nnessen, P., Bj\u00f8rnerud, A., Sampaio-Baptista, C., Andersson, J., Johansen-Berg, H., and Walhovd, K.B. (2018). Development of white matter microstructure in relation to verbal and visuospatial working memory-a longitudinal study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195540"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2023.0824","article-title":"Association of hearing loss with anatomical and functional connectivity in patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"149","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, C., Li, M., Qin, R., Chen, H., Yang, D., Huang, L., Liu, R., Xu, Y., Bai, F., and Zhao, H. (2019). White matter microstructural damage as an early sign of subjective cognitive decline. Front. Aging Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00378"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/09647040600719013","article-title":"Tapetum corporis callosi: Carpet of the brain","volume":"16","author":"Sarikcioglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hist. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00007718","article-title":"Cerebral hemispheres: Specialized for the analysis of what?","volume":"4","year":"1981","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.017","article-title":"AD dementia risk in late MCI, in early MCI, and in subjective memory impairment","volume":"10","author":"Jessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.018","article-title":"MRI-based brain atrophy rates in ADNI phase 2: Acceleration and enrichment considerations for clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Hua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Zhao, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Jin, Z., and Li, L. (2019). Classification of early and late mild cognitive impairment using functional brain network of resting-state fMRI. Front. Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00572"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.053","article-title":"Optimization of a free water elimination two-compartment model for diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"103","author":"Hoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","article-title":"NODDI: Practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/tomography7010003","article-title":"Systematic assessment of the impact of DTI methodology on fractional anisotropy measures in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Bergamino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tomography"}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:31:30Z","timestamp":1759919490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci6010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci6010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]}}}