{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:53:00Z","timestamp":1781837580494,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent two major health concerns worldwide. There is growing evidence suggesting a potential association between TBI and stroke. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to explore the association between TBI and stroke risk, with a specific focus on overall stroke risk and subgroup variations based on stroke type, severity, and the post-TBI time period. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies exploring the link between stroke and TBI. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software was used for the analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on stroke type, TBI severity, and post-TBI phase. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized for the quality assessment. Results: We included a total of 13 observational studies, with data from 8 studies used for quantitative analysis. A history of TBI was associated with a significantly higher odds of stroke compared to controls (HR = 2.3, 95% CI (1.79 to 2.958), p &lt; 0.001). The risk was greater for hemorrhagic stroke (HR = 4.8, 95% CI (3.336 to 6.942), p &lt; 0.001) than for ischemic stroke (HR = 1.56, 95% CI (1.28 to 1.9), p &lt; 0.001). Both moderate-to-severe TBI (HR = 3.64, 95% CI (2.158 to 6.142), p &lt; 0.001) and mild TBI (HR = 1.81, 95% CI (1.17 to 2.8), p = 0.007) were associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke. The risk was also higher in the early post-TBI phase (1\u201330 days) (HR = 4.155, 95% CI (2.25 to 7.67), p &lt; 0.001) compared to later phases (HR = 1.68, 95% CI (1.089 to 2.59), p = 0.019) from 30 days to 1 year and (HR = 1.87, 95% CI (1.375 to 2.544), p &lt; 0.001) after 1 year. Conclusions: This systematic review confirms a significant association between TBI and an increased risk of stroke, regardless of TBI severity, type, or timing of stroke. The findings highlight the need for early monitoring and advocating preventive strategies for stroke in patients with a history of TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1741058781000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Maan","family":"Al-Salihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam Sabah","family":"Al-Jebur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 00964, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abd Elazim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4860-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 00974, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Siddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ayyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha 00974, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan I.","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: Integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"16","author":"Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5359","article-title":"Predicting Long-Term Global Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury: Development of a Practical Prognostic Tool Using the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database","volume":"35","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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