{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T02:57:30Z","timestamp":1770778650166,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also referred to as low-level light therapy (LLLT), is an emerging non-pharmacological approach. This treatment is considered low-risk, cost-effective, and non-invasive, utilizing near-infrared light (NIR). The purpose of this paper is to explore the underlying mechanism of action and conduct a systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical research on the use of PBM for psychiatric disorders. Methods: A search on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was performed on 18 and 26 January 2024. Publications focused on PBM treatment in psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder, general anxiety disorder, dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and sexual disfunctions were included (n = 23). Results: Near-infrared stimulation is presented as an effective method, comparable to psychopharmacological treatment. The primary suggested mechanism for PBM is the stimulation of mitochondrial metabolism following the absorption of NIR energy by cytochrome C oxidase. Because of the method of implementation, which omits the liver metabolism of cytochrome P450, PMB is recognized as safe as it does not interact with other drugs. Limitations: Clinical studies vary in terms of population and treatment parameters, and most do not include a suitable control group. Conclusions: Preliminary results support the potential of NIR stimulation as a novel and innovative treatment for psychiatry. Further studies are needed to estimate the proper protocols of parameters singly for any disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T11:04:22Z","timestamp":1742209462000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Near-Infrared Stimulation in Psychiatry Disorders: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Biological Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Pazdrak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Domanasiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6002-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Ka\u017amierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796015000189","article-title":"Anxious and non-anxious major depressive disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"24","author":"Kessler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. 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