{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:16:46Z","timestamp":1760059006490,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limbic encephalitis (LE) associated with anti-LGI1 antibodies is an autoimmune disorder characterized by memory decline, behavioral changes, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) are a hallmark symptom, often preceding cognitive and psychiatric issues. This report presents an 80-year-old male with LGI1 encephalitis, initially manifesting as FBDS. A lung adenocarcinoma was diagnosed two months after the onset of neurological symptoms. Clinical and paraclinical data, including MRI and [18]FDG PET imaging, are described. The patient responded to immunotherapy, including steroids and plasma exchange, along with tumor resection. Following treatment, neurological symptoms resolved, except for mild anxiety and apathy. Further research is needed to determine whether LGI1 encephalitis may occasionally have a paraneoplastic origin, potentially influencing screening and management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6020043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T11:54:24Z","timestamp":1747310064000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paraneoplastic LGI1 Encephalitis Associated with Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35218 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7077-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Porsio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35218 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Cecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine\u2014DIMED, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35218 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35218 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0182-6555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zoccarato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Unit, Ospedale Sant\u2019Antonio, Azienda Ospedale Universit\u00e0 di Padova, 35218 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001448","article-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"30","author":"Irani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577598","article-title":"Epidemiology of Neuronal Surface Antibody-Mediated Autoimmune Encephalitis and Antibody-Based Diagnostics","volume":"357","author":"Zuliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3506-13.2013","article-title":"Autoantibodies to Epilepsy-Related LGI1 in Limbic Encephalitis Neutralize LGI1-ADAM22 Interaction and Reduce Synaptic AMPA Receptors","volume":"33","author":"Ohkawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003173","article-title":"Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: Clinical Syndrome and Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"87","author":"Thijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002567","article-title":"Autoimmune Encephalitis: Clinical Spectrum and Management","volume":"21","author":"Uy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1014","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001014","article-title":"Updated Diagnostic Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes","volume":"8","author":"Graus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2308","article-title":"The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathology in Dementia","volume":"44","author":"Cummings","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307","article-title":"Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Precede Lgi1 Antibody Limbic Encephalitis","volume":"69","author":"Irani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323","article-title":"The Importance of Early Immunotherapy in Patients with Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures","volume":"141","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562864211073204","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211073203","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics, Long-Term Functional Outcomes and Relapse of Anti-LGI1\/Caspr2 Encephalitis: A Prospective Cohort Study in Western China","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200178","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200178","article-title":"Clinical Determinants of Longitudinal Disability in LGI-1-IgG Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"11","author":"Aboseif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakolwiboon, S., Gilligan, M., Orozco, E., Britton, J.W., Dubey, D., Flanagan, E.P., Lopez-Chiriboga, A.S., Smith, K., Valencia-Sanchez, C., and Zalewski, N.L. (J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2025). Autoimmune Encephalitis: Recovery, Residual Symptoms and Predictors of Long-Term Sequelae, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334957"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.0126","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of LGI1-Antibody and CASPR2-Antibody Encephalitis","volume":"81","author":"Kelly","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170869","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170869","article-title":"Autoimmune Epilepsy: Findings on MRI and FDG-PET","volume":"92","author":"Guerin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000161","article-title":"Basal Ganglia T1 Hyperintensity in LGI1-Autoantibody Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures","volume":"2","author":"Flanagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3633","article-title":"MRI Findings in Autoimmune Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Complex Encephalitis with Seizures: One Potential Etiology for Mesial Temporal Sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Kotsenas","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2024.08.006","article-title":"MRI Findings in Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"180","author":"Hartung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-018-0275-x","article-title":"18F-FDG-PET and MRI in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Systematic Review of Brain Findings","volume":"6","author":"Morbelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e516","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004862","article-title":"Diagnostic Superiority of 18 F-FDG PET over MRI in Detecting Anti-LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Comparative Study with Insights into Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Mechanisms and Recurrence Identification","volume":"48","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-023-03165-2","article-title":"Comparison of Quantitative FDG-PET and MRI in Anti-LGI1 Autoimmune Encephalitis","volume":"65","author":"Sadaghiani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70137-X","article-title":"Investigation of LGI1 as the Antigen in Limbic Encephalitis Previously Attributed to Potassium Channels: A Case Series","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq213","article-title":"Antibodies to Kv1 Potassium Channel-Complex Proteins Leucine-Rich, Glioma Inactivated 1 Protein and Contactin-Associated Protein-2 in Limbic Encephalitis, Morvan\u2019s Syndrome and Acquired Neuromyotonia","volume":"133","author":"Irani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24979","article-title":"Expanded Phenotypes and Outcomes among 256 LGI1\/CASPR2-IgG-Positive Patients","volume":"82","author":"Gadoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200155","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200155","article-title":"Electrolyte Imbalance in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: It Is Not All in Your Head","volume":"10","author":"Gadoth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001463","article-title":"Therapeutic Approach to Autoimmune Neurologic Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Clardy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24860","article-title":"Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis Is Associated with Unique HLA Subtypes","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e31812d05d5","article-title":"The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Validation of the Proposals for Revision of the T, N, and M Descriptors and Consequent Stage Groupings in the Forthcoming (Seventh) Edition of the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours","volume":"2","author":"Groome","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.341","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndrome in the PNS Euronetwork Database","volume":"67","author":"Giometto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"732","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Graus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0194-4","article-title":"Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes in the Era of Immune-Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Graus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad247","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad247","article-title":"Revisiting Anti-Hu Paraneoplastic Autoimmunity: Phenotypic Characterization and Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"5","author":"Farina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003009","article-title":"Anti-LGI1-Associated Cognitive Impairment: Presentation and Long-Term Outcome","volume":"87","author":"Sabater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e974","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000974","article-title":"Clinical and Prognostic Value of Immunogenetic Characteristics in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis","volume":"8","author":"Haesebaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-327302","article-title":"LGI1 Antibody Encephalitis: Acute Treatment Comparisons and Outcome","volume":"93","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4244","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004244","article-title":"Clinical Analysis of Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated-1 Protein Antibody Associated with Limbic Encephalitis Onset with Seizures","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"386","article-title":"Clinical Features of 28 Cases of Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma-Inactivated Protein 1 Encephalitis and Anti-Contactin-Associated Protein-like 2 Encephalitis","volume":"48","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cent. S. Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"omae171","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omae171","article-title":"LGI1 Encephalitis Manifesting as a Delayed Paraneoplastic Response of Squamous Cell Lung Cancer on Remission","volume":"2024","author":"Chukwuocha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oxf. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e905","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000905","article-title":"LGI1 Encephalitis with Squamous Lung-Cell Carcinoma: Resolution after Tumor Resection","volume":"8","author":"Virupakshaiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823912-4.00007-4","article-title":"Clinical Approach to Diagnosis of Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes","volume":"200","author":"Graus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/2\/43\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:33:33Z","timestamp":1760031213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/2\/43"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci6020043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci6020043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2673-4087"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]}}}