{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:39:32Z","timestamp":1790707172137,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive impairment is a prevalent and disabling feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), significantly impacting patients\u2019 quality of life (QoL) and psychological well-being. Despite its clinical relevance, there are currently no approved pharmacological treatments for cognitive deficits in MS, highlighting the need for effective non-pharmacological interventions. This narrative review explores evidence from studies evaluating the efficacy of cognitive re-education (CR) approaches (including traditional, group-based, computer-assisted, virtual reality, and innovative methods such as music therapy) on cognitive and QoL outcomes in people with MS. The findings demonstrate that while CR consistently influences cognitive domains such as memory, attention, and executive function, its effects on QoL are more variable and often depend on intervention type, duration, and individual patient characteristics. Notably, integrative approaches like virtual reality and music therapy show promising results in enhancing both cognitive performance and psychosocial well-being. Several studies report that cognitive gains are accompanied by improvements in mental health and functional QoL, particularly when interventions are tailored to individual needs and delivered within multidisciplinary frameworks. However, some interventions yield only limited or transient QoL benefits, underlining the importance of personalized, goal-oriented strategies that address both cognitive and psychosocial dimensions. Further research is needed to optimize intervention strategies and clarify the mechanisms linking cognitive and QoL outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6030064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T08:24:17Z","timestamp":1752654257000},"page":"64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Beyond Cognition: Cognitive Re-Education\u2019s Impact on Quality of Life and Psychological Well-Being in People with Multiple Sclerosis\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9900-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Manocchio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Tissue Engineering and Remodeling Biotechnologies for Body Function, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Moriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"D\u2019Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Bossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2246-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calogero","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine Department, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"PhD Course in Tissue Engineering and Remodeling Biotechnologies for Body Function, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7445-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ugo","family":"Nocentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Course in Tissue Engineering and Remodeling Biotechnologies for Body Function, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Behavioural Neuropsychology, IRCCS \u201cSanta Lucia\u201d Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manocchio, N., Argento, O., Bossa, M., Span\u00f2, B., Pellicciari, L., Foti, C., and Nocentini, U. (2025). The Role of the Cerebellum in Multiple Sclerosis-Related Fatigue and Disability. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14082840"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6577-4","article-title":"Rehabilitation Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview","volume":"259","author":"Beer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tramontano, M., Argento, O., Manocchio, N., Piacentini, C., Orejel Bustos, A.S., De Angelis, S., Bossa, M., and Nocentini, U. (2024). Dynamic Cognitive\u2013Motor Training versus Cognitive Computer-Based Training in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial with 2-Month Follow-Up. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13092664"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: Clinical Management, MRI, and Therapeutic Avenues","volume":"19","author":"Benedict","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci3030034","article-title":"Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Bossa","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroSci"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221127941","article-title":"A Proposed New Taxonomy of Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis: The International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in MS (IC-CoDiMS)","volume":"29","author":"Hancock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02338-8","article-title":"Complement-Associated Loss of CA2 Inhibitory Synapses in the Demyelinated Hippocampus Impairs Memory","volume":"142","author":"Ramaglia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"144","article-title":"Association of Cognitive Impairment and Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"21","author":"Nabizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.64.e58611","article-title":"Correlation between Cognitive Abilities and Social Functioning in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Genov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Medica"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marafioti, G., Cardile, D., Culicetto, L., Quartarone, A., and Lo Buono, V. (2024). The Impact of Social Cognition Deficits on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14070691"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12248","article-title":"Social Cognition and Executive Functioning in Multiple Sclerosis: A Cluster-analytic Approach","volume":"16","author":"Henry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531241227674","article-title":"Empowering Minds and Bodies: The Impact of Exercise on Multiple Sclerosis and Cognitive Health","volume":"31","author":"Zameer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.08.020","article-title":"Mood Disorders in Multiple Sclerosis and the Effects on Cognition","volume":"245","author":"Feinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Zhang, X., Liu, Q., Zhao, P., Zhong, J., Pan, P., Wang, G., and Yi, Z. (2021). Empathy and Theory of Mind in Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.628110"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaligh-Razavi, S.-M., Sadeghi, M., Khanbagi, M., Kalafatis, C., and Nabavi, S.M. (2020). A Self-Administered, Artificial Intelligence (AI) Platform for Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). BMC Neurol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01736-x"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.31128\/AJGP-08-21-6146","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Longley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bossa, M., Argento, O., Piacentini, C., Manocchio, N., Scipioni, L., Oddi, S., Maccarrone, M., and Nocentini, U. (2023). Effects of Long-Term Oral Administration of N-Palmitoylethanolamine in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Study Protocol. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13081138"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novakovic-Agopians, T., and Abrams, G.M. (2014). Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385157-4.00481-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2025.2450788","article-title":"An Update on the Treatment and Management of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Portaccio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.04.007","article-title":"Techniques and Devices to Restore Cognition","volume":"192","author":"Serruya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1211937","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation after Severe Acquired Brain Injury: Current Evidence and Future Directions","volume":"28","author":"Bramanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2022.10.015","article-title":"Effects of Early Cognitive Rehabilitation Training on Cognitive Function and Quality of Life in Critically Ill Patients with Cognitive Impairment: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aust. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"383","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation and Problem-Solving to Improve Quality of Life of Patients with Primary Brain Tumors: A Pilot Study","volume":"6","author":"Locke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Support. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1189341","article-title":"Personalised Treatment for Cognitive Dysfunction in Individuals with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders","volume":"28","author":"Medalia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5076","article-title":"Individual Goal-oriented Cognitive Rehabilitation to Improve Everyday Functioning for People with Early-stage Dementia: A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial (the GREAT Trial)","volume":"34","author":"Clare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.1.93","article-title":"Evaluation of Cognitive Assessment and Cognitive Intervention for People with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Lincoln","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000157885","article-title":"Short-Term Cognitive Training Improves Mental Efficiency and Mood in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Brenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517709955","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial to Treat Impaired Learning and Memory in Multiple Sclerosis: The Self-GEN Trial","volume":"24","author":"Goverover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12904","article-title":"Efficacy of Group Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"137","author":"Mani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24040","article-title":"Group Cognitive Rehabilitation to Reduce the Psychological Impact of Multiple Sclerosis on Quality of Life: The CRAMMS RCT","volume":"24","author":"Lincoln","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519890378","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation for Attention and Memory in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (CRAMMS)","volume":"34","author":"Lincoln","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520920333","article-title":"Memory Improvement in Multiple Sclerosis after an Extensive Cognitive Rehabilitation Program in Groups with a Multicenter Double-Blind Randomized Trial","volume":"34","author":"Brissart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12420","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"133","author":"Hanssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jongen, P.J., Van Mastrigt, G.A., Heerings, M., Visser, L.H., Ruimschotel, R.P., Hussaarts, A., Duyverman, L., Valkenburg-Vissers, J., Cornelissen, J., and Bos, M. (2019). Effect of an Intensive 3-Day Social Cognitive Treatment (Can Do Treatment) on Control Self-Efficacy in Patients with Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis and Low Disability: A Single-Centre Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223482"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12327-y","article-title":"Improved Quality of Life and Psychological Symptoms Following Mindfulness and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis and Their Mediating Role for Cognition: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"271","author":"Nauta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2018.02.001","article-title":"Computer-Assisted Cognitive Rehabilitation in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: Results of a Multi-Site Randomized Controlled Trial with Six Month Follow-Up","volume":"11","author":"Stuifbergen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil. Health J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2013.08.017","article-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation Has Beneficial Effects on Perceived Cognitive Deficits in Multiple Sclerosis during Nine-Month Follow-Up","volume":"334","author":"Koivisto","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.04.027","article-title":"Computer-Aided Retraining of Memory and Attention in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial","volume":"222","author":"Solari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Cognitive Training in MS: Effects and Relation to Brain Atrophy","volume":"25","author":"Hildebrandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000478726","article-title":"Evaluation of the Impact of Cognitive Training on Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Grasso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314554623","article-title":"A Low-Cost Cognitive Rehabilitation with a Commercial Video Game Improves Sustained Attention and Executive Functions in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"29","author":"Prosperini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.12.020","article-title":"Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review on the Emerging Use of Virtual Reality","volume":"61","author":"Maggio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0000000000000270","article-title":"The Role of Robotic Gait Training Coupled with Virtual Reality in Boosting the Rehabilitative Outcomes in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"41","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2021.106828","article-title":"Cognitive Recovery in People with Relapsing\/Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial on Virtual Reality-Based Neurorehabilitation","volume":"208","author":"Leonardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1708364","article-title":"Do Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Benefit from Semi-Immersive Virtual Reality? A Randomized Clinical Trial on Cognitive and Motor Outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Maggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Neuropsychol. Adult"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"155","article-title":"Neural Plasticity: The Substratum of Music-Based Interventions in Neurorehabilitation","volume":"48","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, C.S., Kim, J., Ganesh, A., and Stuifbergen, A.M. (J. Integr. Complement. Med., 2025). Impact of Active Versus Receptive Music Interventions on Psychosocial and Neurological Outcomes in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review, J. Integr. Complement. Med., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1089\/jicm.2024.0588"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100716","article-title":"The Transformative Power of Music: Insights into Neuroplasticity, Health, and Disease","volume":"35","author":"Alhakim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18866","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018866","article-title":"An Integrative Cognitive Rehabilitation Using Neurologic Music Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"99","author":"Impellizzeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culicetto, L., Lo Buono, V., Donato, S., La Tona, A., Cusumano, A.M.S., Corello, G.M., Sessa, E., Rifici, C., D\u2019Aleo, G., and Quartarone, A. (2024). Importance of Coping Strategies on Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185505"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komar, A., Dickson, K., Alavinia, M., Bruno, T., Bayley, M., Feinstein, A., Scandiffio, J., and Simpson, R. (2024). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Cognition in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1339851"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02555-7","article-title":"Depressive Symptoms, Anxiety and Cognitive Impairment: Emerging Evidence in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Margoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102261","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Antecedents, Consequences, and Differential Impact on Well-Being and Quality of Life","volume":"44","author":"Hanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaravalloti, N.D., Genova, H.M., and DeLuca, J. (2015). Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Plasticity. Front. Neurol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00067"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"20552173211040239","article-title":"The Impact of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Munger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Honey, M., Ronquillo, C., Lee, T.-T., and Westbrooke, L. (2021). Physical Telerehabilitation Improves Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tacchino, A., Podda, J., Bergamaschi, V., Pedull\u00e0, L., and Brichetto, G. (2023). Cognitive Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: Three Digital Ingredients to Address Current and Future Priorities. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1130231"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostini, F., Pezzi, L., Paoloni, M., Insabella, R., Attanasi, C., Bernetti, A., Saggini, R., Mangone, M., and Paolucci, T. (2021). Motor Imagery: A Resource in the Fatigue Rehabilitation for Return-to-Work in Multiple Sclerosis Patients\u2014A Mini Systematic Review. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.696276"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000970","article-title":"Effectiveness of Physiotherapy Interventions on Spasticity in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Etoom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"841","article-title":"What Does Evidence Tell Us about the Use of Gait Robotic Devices in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis? A Comprehensive Systematic Review on Functional Outcomes and Clinical Recommendations","volume":"57","author":"Cassio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Restivo, D.A., Quartarone, A., Bruschetta, A., Alito, A., Milardi, D., Marchese-Ragona, R., Iezzi, E., Peter, S., Centonze, D., and Stampanoni Bassi, M. (2024). Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathophysiology, Assessment, and Management\u2014An Overview. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1514644"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2754","article-title":"The Role of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in the Management of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Literature","volume":"6","author":"Khalfaoui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Med. Rehab. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magro, V.M., Sorbino, A., Manocchio, N., Ljoka, C., and Foti, C. (2025). The Physiatrist in Intensive Care: Role, Tasks, and Critical Issues in a Clinical Case Report Analysis. Clin. Transl. Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ctn9010011"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manocchio, N., Magro, V.M., Massaro, L., Sorbino, A., Ljoka, C., and Foti, C. (2025). Hashimoto\u2019s Encephalopathy: Clinical Features, Therapeutic Strategies, and Rehabilitation Approaches. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030726"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2025.105303","article-title":"Commentary on \u201cThe Learning Rehabilitation System: Strengthening an Intersectoral Strategy to Improve Functioning of an Ageing Population\u201d by Bickenbach et al","volume":"155","author":"Manocchio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06552-4","article-title":"Motor, Cognitive, and Combined Rehabilitation Approaches on MS Patients\u2019 Cognitive Impairment","volume":"44","author":"Argento","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homayuni, A., Abedini, S., Hosseini, Z., Etemadifar, M., and Ghanbarnejad, A. (2021). Explaining the Facilitators of Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Qualitative Study. BMC Neurol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02213-9"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Podda, J., Di Antonio, F., Tacchino, A., Pedull\u00e0, L., Grange, E., Battaglia, M.A., Brichetto, G., and Ponzio, M. (2024). A Taxonomy of Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis: A 1-Year Longitudinal Study. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71374-7"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.29254\/2077-4214-2024-4-175-243-252","article-title":"Diagnostic Value of the Luria 10-Word Memorization Technique and Schulte Tables in the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"1","author":"Andreichenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"VPBM"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4920","article-title":"Identifying the Distinct Cognitive Phenotypes in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"78","author":"Portaccio","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1984","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.991452","article-title":"The Use of Goal Attainment Scaling in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Rannisto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2024.2343150","article-title":"A Pilot Rating System to Evaluate the Quality of Goal Attainment Scales Used as Outcome Measures in Rehabilitation","volume":"35","author":"Pradeau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2007.11.059","article-title":"Self-Generation to Improve Learning and Memory of Functional Activities in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: Meal Preparation and Managing Finances","volume":"89","author":"Goverover","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"9","article-title":"Computerized Cognitive Rehabilitation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Mirmosayyeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"20552173241272561","article-title":"Effectiveness of Cognitive Rehabilitation in Comparison with Routine Rehabilitation Methods in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Rayegani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J. Exp. Transl. Clin."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X211054839","article-title":"Effects of Home-Based Virtual Reality Telerehabilitation System in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Pagliari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2018.1503738","article-title":"Combining the Benefits of Tele-Rehabilitation and Virtual Reality-Based Balance Training: A Systematic Review on Feasibility and Effectiveness","volume":"14","author":"Embrechts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarulo, A.M., Lus, G., Signoriello, E., Trojano, L., Grossi, D., Esposito, M., Costabile, T., Lanzillo, R., Sacc\u00e0, F., and Morra, V.B. (2018). Integrated Cognitive and Neuromotor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pragmatic Study. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00196"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585231213258","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Blended Booster Programme for the Long-Term Outcome of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for MS-Related Fatigue: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Beckerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. J."}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/3\/64\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:18Z","timestamp":1760033418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/6\/3\/64"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci6030064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci6030064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]}}}