{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:34:39Z","timestamp":1773725679052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western Australia Department of Health Innovation Fellowship","award":["IF2022-23\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF2022-23\/5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Despite clinical evidence for efficacy, there has been minimal uptake of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for musculoskeletal conditions. Thus, our objective was to explore the perceptions and experiences of people living with lower-limb musculoskeletal injury as well as healthy physically active populations and relate this to the usage of tDCS and key aspects of tDCS design that would improve the capacity for implementation. Methods: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study of 16 participants (44% women) using semi-structured focus groups to identify the descriptions and experiences of people living with lower-limb musculoskeletal injury and healthy physically active populations. A thematic template was used to create a coding structure. Codes were then grouped, and key themes were derived from the data. Results: Four primary themes were identified from focus groups. These were (i) the impact of musculoskeletal injuries on health and quality of life, (ii) performance and injury recovery as facilitators to using tDCS, (iii) barriers and facilitators to tCDS application and (iv) design and aesthetic factors for a tDCS device. Discussion: Our qualitative descriptive study identified four themes relevant to the successful implementation of tDCS into rehabilitative and performance practice. To increase the likelihood of successful tDCS implementation, these barriers should be addressed and facilitators promoted. This should include innovative approaches to device application and structure that allow for a stylish, user-friendly design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6030072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1754409376000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Barriers and Facilitators to the Application of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Injury Rehabilitation and Performance Enhancement: A Qualitative Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"Haydock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Research Department, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Timler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey","family":"Whife","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"High Performance Department, West Coast Eagles Football Club, Lathlain, WA 6100, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harrison","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consumer, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6068-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myles C.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"},{"name":"Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2022-105626","article-title":"Long-Term Quality of Life, work Limitation, Physical Activity, Economic Cost and Disease Burden Following Acl and Meniscal Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis for the Optiknee Consensus","volume":"56","author":"Filbay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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