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This review adopts an unconventional narrative structure, drawing inspiration from song titles by The Beatles to explore the multifaceted biological, developmental, and social dimensions of autism. Spanning historical perspectives to embryonic origins and adult cognition, we examine critical topics including cortical folding, sensory processing, and the contributions of various brain regions such as the cerebellum and brainstem. The role of mirror neurons and other neural systems in shaping social behavior is discussed, alongside insights from animal models that have advanced our understanding of autism\u2019s underlying mechanisms. Ultimately, this manuscript argues that autism is not merely a biomedical challenge, but a broader societal issue intersecting with education, human rights, and identity. Following the long and winding road of scientific discovery, we advocate for a more empathetic, interdisciplinary, and human-centered approach to autism research. Though the path ahead remains uncertain, every step informed by evidence and driven by collaboration brings us closer to deeper understanding, greater inclusion, and more effective support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6030084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T08:08:46Z","timestamp":1756973326000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Long and Winding Road to Understanding Autism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8659-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Manzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1617-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Elena","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1273-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Rebeca","family":"Toledo-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deissy","family":"Herrera-Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genaro A.","family":"Coria-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo M.","family":"Libreros-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Ver., Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauro","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ca\u00f1edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91017, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizbeth A.","family":"Ortega-Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91017, Ver., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr016","article-title":"Eugen Bleuler\u2019s Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias (1911): A Centenary Appreciation and Reconsideration","volume":"37","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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