{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T13:40:28Z","timestamp":1760449228340,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its introduction, the construct of executive functions (EFs) has been associated with a set of tests to assess these functions and a brain network centered in the associative frontal brain regions. While the majority of perspectives have endorsed these associations, some studies have started casting doubts on them. In this article, the association between the construct of EFs, the tests used to assess them, and the involvement of frontal regions is examined. A sample of 28 patients with brain injuries was divided into three subgroups according to the region of the injury (anterior, posterior, antero-posterior). Patients were assessed with a battery of tests, including 25 measures of EFs and 6 control measures. A series of regression models revealed no significant differences in performance across the three groups. Findings indicate that the EF tests are not specific enough to differentiate EFs and brain injuries. The alleged reference of EFs to the frontal areas of the brain should attribute a higher role to other associative areas. The present study provides recommendations about how the EFs concept could be improved through methodological refinements and\/or its dissemination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6040105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T10:37:14Z","timestamp":1760438234000},"page":"105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Frontal Regions and Executive Function Testing: A Doubted Association Shown by Brain-Injured Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Demis","family":"Basso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Educational Sciences Lab (CESLab), Faculty of Education, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39042 Bressanone-Brixen, BZ, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3740-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Bosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenza","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Educational Sciences and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7649-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Carabba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive and Educational Sciences Lab (CESLab), Faculty of Education, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, 39042 Bressanone-Brixen, BZ, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Luria, A.R. 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