{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T03:14:17Z","timestamp":1789614857440,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":291,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society of Canada","award":["ASC-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASC-2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004089","name":"Krembil Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KF-2023-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KF-2023-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) remains an unmet medical challenge, as there are no effective therapies that alter the disease\u2019s progression. While approaches have targeted molecules like acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate, these strategies have provided only limited benefits and do not address the complex molecular mechanisms underlying AD development. This review suggests that \u03b2-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid) is an underexplored neurotransmitter that could serve as a potential AD drug target. Existing evidence indicates that \u03b2-alanine modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, thereby affecting neuronal hyperexcitability. Additionally, studies suggest that \u03b2-alanine has antioxidant effects, reducing oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We propose that \u03b2-alanine might bind to A\u03b2\/tau proteins, possibly targeting the six-amino acid sequences EVHHQK\/DDKKAK, which are involved in protein aggregation. \u03b2-Alanine may also influence the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia, potentially reducing neuroinflammation. We also hypothesize that \u03b2-alanine may help regulate metal dyshomeostasis, which leads to ROS production. Taurine, structurally like \u03b2-alanine, appears to influence comparable mechanisms. Although structural similarity doesn\u2019t ensure therapeutic effectiveness, this evidence supports considering \u03b2-alanine as a treatment for AD. Furthermore, \u03b2-alanine and its analogues face challenges, including crossing the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and optimizing structure\u2013activity relationships (SAR). This review includes articles through September 2025, sourced from four databases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci7010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1768475601000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u03b2-Alanine Is an Unexploited Neurotransmitter in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Cindy M.","family":"Wozniczka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2042-6220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald F.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 1M8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1177\/1715163515588107","article-title":"The \u201cRising Tide\u201d of dementia in Canada: What does it mean for pharmacists and the people they care for?","volume":"148","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. 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