{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T15:45:13Z","timestamp":1781883913281,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Program \u2018Young Scientists and Postdoctoral Students-2\u2032","award":["206\/07.04.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206\/07.04.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental dyslexia (DD) often involves difficulties in phonological processing of speech. Objectives: While underlying neural changes have been identified in terms of stimulus- and task-related responses within specific brain regions and their neural connectivity, there is still limited understanding of how these changes affect the overall organization of brain networks. Methods: This study used EEG and functional network analysis, focusing on small-world propensity across various frequency bands (from \u03b4 to \u03b3), to explore the global brain organization during the auditory discrimination of words and pseudowords in children with DD. Results: The main finding revealed a systemic inefficiency in the functional network of individuals with DD, which did not achieve the optimal small-world propensity. This inefficiency arises from a fundamental trade-off between localized specialization and global communication. During word listening, the \u03b4-\/\u03b31-networks (related to impaired syllabic and phonemic processing of words) and the \u03b8-\/\u03b2-networks (related to pseudoword listening) in the DD group showed lower local clustering and connectivity compared to the control group, resulting in reduced functional segregation. In particular, the \u03b8-\/\u03b2-networks for words in the DD group exhibited a less optimal balance between specialized local processing and effective global communication. Centralized midline hubs, such as the postcentral gyrus (PstCG) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), which are crucial for global coordination, attention, and executive control, were either absent or inconsistent in individuals with DD. Consequently, the DD network adopted a constrained, motor-compensatory, and left-lateralized strategy. This led to the redirection of information flow and processing effort toward the left PstCG\/IFG loop, interpreted as a compensatory effort to counteract automatic processing failures. Additionally, the \u03b31-network, which is involved in phonetic feature binding, lacked engagement from posterior sensory hubs, forcing this critical process into a slow and effortful motor loop. The \u03b32-network exhibited unusual activation of right-hemisphere posterior areas during word processing, while it employed a simpler, less mature routing strategy for pseudoword listening, which further diminished global communication. Conclusions: This functionality highlights the core phonological and temporal processing deficits characteristic of dyslexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci7010021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:03:29Z","timestamp":1770113009000},"page":"21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Networks in Developmental Dyslexia: Auditory Discrimination of Words and Pseudowords"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8432-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tihomir","family":"Taskov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-6568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Dushanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association (IDA) (2026, January 24). 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