{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:11:51Z","timestamp":1785532311900,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Benson Complex Figure Test (BCFT) is a neuropsychological tool designed to assess visuospatial construction and visual memory with lower complexity than traditional tests. This study evaluated its ability to differentiate between major dementia subtypes. In a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 1428 participants from a Greek third-age day center (healthy participants [Controls]; patients diagnosed with Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia [ADD], Lewy body dementia [LBD], Frontotemporal dementia [FTD: behavioral variant (BV), non-fluent variant (NFV), semantic variant (SV)], Corticobasal dementia [CBD], Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia [PDD], and mixed Cardiovascular dementia with Alzheimer\u2019s disease [CVD\/AD]), all participants completed the BCFT and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Multinomial logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, and education, revealed distinct BCFT profiles across dementia subtypes. Patients with CBD showed significantly lower copy scores than those with ADD (p = 0.006). The FTD-NFV group exhibited superior memory scores compared to all other dementia subtypes (p &lt; 0.001). Poorer BCFT recognition performance was strongly associated with diagnoses of ADD (OR = 0.39, p = 0.012), FTD-BV (OR = 0.22, p = 0.025), and PDD (OR = 0.26, p &lt; 0.001). Classification accuracy was highest for controls and ADD (sensitivity &gt; 89%) but low for rarer subtypes (&lt;25%), partly reflecting sample size limitations. In conclusion, the BCFT captures distinct visuospatial and memory profiles across dementia syndromes, supporting its potential utility in differential diagnosis, particularly for common subtypes such as ADD. Its simpler design may facilitate assessment in older adults, although validation in larger and more balanced cohorts is required for rarer dementias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci7020038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T11:44:46Z","timestamp":1774007086000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Benson Complex Figure Test for the Differential Diagnosis of Dementias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Papadogiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-2073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Fasilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Neurosurgery, Epilepsy Surgery Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Neuropsychology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akyllina","family":"Despoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Clinical Ergospirometry, Exercise & Rehabilitation Lab, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kamtsadeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hantzopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki","family":"Tsinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Psychiatric Clinic, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evdoxia","family":"Lykou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Chatziantoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Chousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3366-2989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kostas","family":"Siarkos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Age Day Center IASIS, 24131 Kalamata, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Papatriantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third-Age Day Center IASIS, 16562 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"1st Neurological Clinic, Eginitio Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Memory Clinic, Medical Center of Marousi-Athens, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022). 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