{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:32:22Z","timestamp":1786365142288,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malpighia mexicana has been traditionally used in Mexican ethnomedicine for the treatment of central nervous systems disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated neuropharmacological activity of crude extracts, but the contribution of enriched phytochemical fractions remains unclear. A phenolic-enriched fraction (G4) obtained from the aerial parts of M. mexicana was evaluated for antidepressant-like and anticonvulsant activities in mice. Antidepressant-like effects were assessed using the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), while locomotor activity was evaluated in the open field test. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using the pentylentetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model. The phytochemical profile of G4 was characterized by HPLC-DAD analysis. G4 (50 and 200 mg\/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced immobility time in both FST and TST compared to the vehicle group (p &lt; 0.05) without affecting locomotor activity in the OFT, suggesting a specific antidepressant-like effect. In the PTZ model, G4 significantly increased latency to clonic and tonic seizures and reduced seizure severity. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, with kaempferol and p-coumaric acid as major constituents. The phenolic-enriched G4 fraction from M. mexicana exhibits antidepressant-like and anticonvulsant effects in murine models, supporting its traditional use. These findings suggest that phenolic constituents, particularly kaempferol and p-coumaric acid, may contribute to the observed neuropharmacological activity. However, since only the G4 fraction was pharmacologically evaluated and not the isolated compounds, the specific role of each constituent remains to be established. Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and the contribution of individual compounds and potential synergistic interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci7040088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T11:38:09Z","timestamp":1786361889000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antidepressant-like and Anticonvulsant Effects of a Phenolic-Enriched Fraction from Malpighia mexicana in Murine Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0183-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Osvaldo","family":"Salinas-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biodiversidad y Conservaci\u00f3n, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Jicarero, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Galeana-Tequesquitengo S\/N, Col. El Jicarero, Jojutla 62909, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manas\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Cortazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franceli Itzel","family":"Batalla-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-5958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Zamilpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-7826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"T\u00e9llez-T\u00e9llez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7676-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Valladares-Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4710-4590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Sotelo-Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Av. L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria Sur, Chilpancingo 39000, Guerrero, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Figueroa-Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bi\u00f3ticos, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Carretera Yautepec-Jojutla Km 6, AP24, San Isidro, Yautepec 62731, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5456-0677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma Dolores","family":"P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Argentina No. 1, Col. Centro, Xochitepec 62790, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dante","family":"Avil\u00e9s-Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000503831","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Epilepsy","volume":"54","author":"Beghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2017). Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"OPS (2026, April 10). M\u00e1s de la Mitad de las Personas con Epilepsia en Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe No Reciben Tratamiento. Available online: https:\/\/www.paho.org\/es\/noticias\/24-1-2019-mas-mitad-personas-con-epilepsia-no-reciben-ningun-tipo-atencion-america-latina."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2026, April 11). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2022). Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 137\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eL230440","DOI":"10.7326\/L23-0440","article-title":"Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Treatments of Adults in the Acute Phase of Major Depressive Disorder: A Living Clinical Guideline from the American College of Physicians (Version 1, Update Alert)","volume":"177","author":"Qaseem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Intern Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Salud, S.D. (2026, April 11). En M\u00e9xico, 3.6 Millones de Personas Adultas Padecen Depresi\u00f3n, Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud\/prensa\/008-en-mexico-3-6-millones-de-personas-adultas-padecen-depresion."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Salud, S.D. (2026, April 11). En M\u00e9xico, Dos Millones de Personas Padecen Epilepsia, Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/salud\/prensa\/en-mexico-2-millones-de-personas-padecen-epilepsia."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2767","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Antidepressant Medications and their Management in Children and Adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Strawn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15966","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Pharmacologic Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults","volume":"67","author":"Sobieraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Bellis, M., d\u2019Orsi, G., Rubino, E.M., Arigliano, C., Carella, M., Sciruicchio, V., Liantonio, A., De Luca, A., and Imbrici, P. (2025). Adverse effects of antiseizure medications: A review of the impact of pharmacogenetics and drugs interactions in clinical practice. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1584566"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210826125341","article-title":"Elucidating the Potential Side Effects of Current Anti-Seizure Drugs for Epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Ozenen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"WHO (2013). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014\u20132023, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-025-00808-x","article-title":"From forgotten to frontier: Vindicating Latin America\u2019s indigenous biotechnology","volume":"21","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"149","article-title":"Medicina tradicional mexicana: Los objetivos y las formas de estudiarla","volume":"44","year":"2023","journal-title":"Relac. Estud. Hist. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristians, S., and Mata, R. (2024). Editorial: Global excellence in ethnopharmacology: North and South America. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1488930"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"BDMTM (2026, April 11). Guachocote (Malpighia mexicana). Available online: http:\/\/www.medicinatradicionalmexicana.unam.mx\/apmtm\/termino.php?l=3&t=malpighia-mexicana."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-020-01157-z","article-title":"Distribution of Malpighia mexicana in Mexico and its implications for Barranca del R\u00edo Santiago","volume":"32","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"37","article-title":"Calidad morfol\u00f3gica de frutos y endocarpios del nanche rojo (Malpighia mexicana, Malpighiaceae)","volume":"117","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Botan. Mex."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avil\u00e9s-Montes, D., Salinas-S\u00e1nchez, D.O., Sotelo-Leyva, C., Zamilpa, A., Batalla-Martinez, F.I., Abarca-Vargas, R., Rivas-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., Dorado, \u00d3., Figueroa-Brito, R., and Petricevich, V.L. (2023). Neuropharmacological Activity of the Acetonic Extract of Malpighia mexicana A. Juss. and Its Phytochemical Profile. Sci. Pharm., 91.","DOI":"10.3390\/scipharm91040047"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2011.06.018","article-title":"Antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized extract of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia","volume":"18","author":"Zamilpa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870468","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/870468","article-title":"Heteropterys cotinifolia: A Neuropharmacological and Phytochemical Approach with Possible Taxonomic Implications","volume":"2013","author":"Zamilpa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111150","article-title":"Application of TCM network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the mechanism of kaempferol against epilepsy","volume":"220","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh, A., Pourfallah-Taft, Y., Khoshnazar, M., Safdari, A., Komari, S.V., Zanganeh, M., Sami, N., Valizadeh, M., Faridzadeh, A., and Alijanzadeh, D. (2024). Flavonoids against depression: A comprehensive review of literature. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1411168"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva dos Santos, J., Gon\u00e7alves Cirino, J.P., de Oliveira Carvalho, P., and Ortega, M.M. (2021). The Pharmacological Action of Kaempferol in Central Nervous System Diseases: A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.565700"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, H., Khan, M.A., Ali Zaidi, S.A., and Muhammad, S. (2021). In Silico and In Vivo: Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Catechin to Treat Chronic Epilepsy in a Rat Model. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.754952"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01007-3","article-title":"P-Coumaric acid protects against D-galactose induced neurotoxicity by attenuating neuroinflammation and apoptosis in mice brain","volume":"37","author":"Daroi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X.-D., Zhang, D., Xiao, C.-L., Zhou, Y., Li, X., Wang, L., He, Z., Reilly, J., Xiao, Z.-Y., and Shu, X. (2022). P-Coumaric Acid Reverses Depression-Like Behavior and Memory Deficit Via Inhibiting AGE-RAGE-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101594"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114415","article-title":"Protection of p-Coumaric acid against chronic stress-induced neurobehavioral deficits in mice via activating the PKA-CREB-BDNF pathway","volume":"273","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (2026, April 15). ICH Harmonised Guideline Q2(R2): Validation of Analytical Procedures. Available online: https:\/\/database.ich.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICH_Q2%28R2%29_Guideline_2023_1130.pdf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a","article-title":"Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies","volume":"509","author":"Clayton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0093-5","article-title":"Differential behavioral effects of the antidepressants reboxetine, fluoxetine, and moclobemide in a modified forced swim test following chronic treatment","volume":"182","author":"Cryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-023-01195-3","article-title":"Schisandrin B, a dual positive allosteric modulator of GABA(A) and glycine receptors, alleviates seizures in multiple mouse models","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.114207","article-title":"The 5-HT1A receptor biased agonist, NLX-204, shows rapid-acting antidepressant-like properties and neurochemical changes in two mouse models of depression","volume":"438","author":"Pytka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16506","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of N-ethylpentylone in young CD1 mice: Insights on behaviour, thermoregulation and early gene expression","volume":"181","author":"Bellot","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2016.1235590","article-title":"Griflola frondosa (GF) produces significant antidepressant effects involving AMPA receptor activation in mice","volume":"55","author":"Bao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2001). Especificaciones T\u00e9cnicas para la Producci\u00f3n, Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio (Standard No. NOM-062-ZOO-1999). Available online: https:\/\/www.gob.mx\/cms\/uploads\/attachment\/file\/203498\/NOM-062-ZOO-1999_220801.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., and Dirnagl, U. (2020). The ARRIVE Guidelines 2.0: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Animal Research. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15139","article-title":"Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration","volume":"55","author":"Molendijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.014","article-title":"The forced swim test: Historical, conceptual and methodological considerations and its relationship with individual behavioral traits","volume":"128","author":"Armario","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000844","article-title":"Antidepressant effect or bias? Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using the forced swimming test","volume":"36","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-2048-7","article-title":"Forced swimming test in mice: A review of antidepressant activity","volume":"177","author":"Chenu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/266730a0","article-title":"Depression: A new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments","volume":"266","author":"Porsolt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"6503162","article-title":"Coping with the Forced Swim Stressor: Towards Understanding an Adaptive Mechanism","volume":"2016","author":"Molendijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428203","article-title":"The tail suspension test: A new method for screening antidepressants in mice","volume":"85","author":"Steru","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.009","article-title":"The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: Review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice","volume":"29","author":"Cryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"e3769","article-title":"The Tail Suspension Test","volume":"59","author":"Can","year":"2012","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.01.034","article-title":"Revisiting the validity of the mouse tail suspension test: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants","volume":"112","author":"Stukalin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Guest, P.C. (2019). The Open Field Test for Measuring Locomotor Activity and Anxiety-Like Behavior. Pre-Clinical Models: Techniques and Protocols, Springer."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"e52434","article-title":"Use of the Open Field Maze to Measure Locomotor and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice","volume":"96","author":"Seibenhener","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2024.105841","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole: A review","volume":"180","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubio, C., Romo-Parra, H., L\u00f3pez-Landa, A., and Rubio-Osornio, M. (2024). Classification of Current Experimental Models of Epilepsy. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14101024"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00823-3","article-title":"PTZ kindling model for epileptogenesis, refractory epilepsy, and associated comorbidities: Relevance and reliability","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.11.139","article-title":"A review of the dietary flavonoid, kaempferol on human health and cancer chemoprevention","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.01.022","article-title":"Kaempferol\u2014A dietary anticancer molecule with multiple mechanisms of action: Recent trends and advancements","volume":"30","author":"Kashyap","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imran, M., Salehi, B., Sharifi-Rad, J., Aslam Gondal, T., Saeed, F., Imran, A., Shahbaz, M., Tsouh Fokou, P.V., Umair Arshad, M., and Khan, H. (2019). Kaempferol: A Key Emphasis to Its Anticancer Potential. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24122277"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2024.105666","article-title":"The need for guidance in antidepressant drug development: Revisiting the role of the forced swim test and tail suspension test","volume":"151","author":"Trunnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Lu, T., Yan, J., Zhang, X., and Li, Y.-F. (2025). Beyond Immobility: Computational Modeling Reveals Cognitive Processes in Simple Rodent Depression Tests. bioRxiv, 2001.2024.634822.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.24.634822"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2014.05.145","article-title":"Hormesis: A fundamental concept in biology","volume":"1","author":"Calabrese","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"58","article-title":"Hydroxycinnamates alleviate chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior and neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"85","author":"Kinra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1941","article-title":"Phytochemicals as Multi-Target Therapeutic Agents for Oxidative Stress-Driven Pathologies: Mechanisms, Synergies, and Clinical Prospects","volume":"94","author":"Mubeen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phyton Int. J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Rowland, M., and Tozer, T.N. (2011). Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Concepts and Applications, Wolters Kluwer Health\/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [4th, ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"101195","article-title":"The role of histone acetylation in mediating the anticancer effects of polyphenols: Insights from genistein, resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"47","author":"Fu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["NeuroSci"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/7\/4\/88\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:04:50Z","timestamp":1786363490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-4087\/7\/4\/88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["neurosci7040088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/neurosci7040088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]}}}