{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:01:19Z","timestamp":1786978879142,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NeuroSci"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Menopause represents a major neuroendocrine transition characterized by substantial hormonal, metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory changes that may increase vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Declining estrogen levels during the menopausal transition influence multiple neural processes, including synaptic plasticity, cerebral glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, neuroinflammatory signaling, and cerebrovascular regulation. Women account for nearly two-thirds of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, and mounting evidence suggests that menopause may represent a period of heightened neurological vulnerability. Physical exercise has emerged as one of the most promising non-pharmacological strategies for preserving cognitive health and reducing neurodegeneration risk in aging women. Current evidence demonstrates that exercise interventions after menopause are associated with improvements in executive function, memory performance, attention, and global cognition. These benefits appear to result from converging biological mechanisms that include enhanced neurotrophic signaling, increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, improved cerebrovascular function, reduced systemic inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, enhanced metabolic regulation, and preservation of structural brain integrity. Neuroimaging studies further demonstrate exercise-associated increases in hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, functional connectivity, and cerebral blood flow. Different exercise modalities appear to produce distinct but complementary neurological benefits. Aerobic exercise is strongly associated with improved cerebrovascular function and hippocampal integrity, resistance training demonstrates favorable effects on executive function and white matter preservation, and multimodal interventions combining aerobic, resistance, balance, and cognitively engaging activities appear to produce the broadest cognitive benefits. Emerging evidence further suggests that the timing of exercise initiation relative to menopause may influence outcomes, with earlier interventions potentially conferring greater neuroprotection. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding the effects of exercise on cognitive function in postmenopausal women, with emphasis on biological mechanisms, neuroimaging findings, exercise modality, timing considerations, and implications for neurodegeneration prevention. Understanding these relationships provides a scientific rationale for positioning exercise as a foundational strategy for preserving cognitive health and reducing neurodegenerative disease burden in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci7040090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:42:17Z","timestamp":1786974137000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exercise and Brain Health in Postmenopausal Women: A Review of Cognitive Benefits, Mechanisms, and Neurodegeneration Prevention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3939-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"April Mae","family":"Flynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6604-400X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hankir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research in Association with University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4YS, UK"},{"name":"Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6271-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahera","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Smart Health, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai 43111, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Mohammed Bin Rashid School of Medicine, Dubai 88905, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0682-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nouf","family":"Al-Rumaihi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"},{"name":"Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2818-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederick Robert","family":"Carrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Research in Association with University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Carrick Institute, Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"},{"name":"Saudi Commission for Health Specialties, Riyadh 11614, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Health Professions Education, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Boston, MA 02129, USA"},{"name":"Burnett School of Biomedical Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90084-y","article-title":"Menopause impacts human brain structure, connectivity, energy metabolism, and amyloid-beta deposition","volume":"11","author":"Mosconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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