{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T20:48:20Z","timestamp":1773953300011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development","award":["R01 HD047315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD047315"]}]},{"name":"Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center","award":["P30 HD002528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 HD002528"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy may modulate fetal immune system development and infant susceptibility to infections. Vitamin D deficiency is common during pregnancy, particularly among African American (AA) women. Our objective was to compare maternal vitamin D status (plasma 25(OH)D concentration) during pregnancy and first-year infections in the offspring of African American (AA) and non-AA women. We used medical records to record frequency and type of infections during the first year of life of 220 term infants (69 AA, 151 non-AA) whose mothers participated in the Kansas University DHA Outcomes Study. AA and non-AA groups were compared for maternal 25(OH)D by Mann\u2013Whitney U-test. Compared to non-AA women, AA women were more likely to be vitamin D deficient (&lt;50 nmol\/L; 84 vs. 37%, p &lt; 0.001), and more of their infants had at least one infection in the first 6 months (78.3% and 59.6% of infants, respectively, p = 0.022). We next explored the relationship between maternal plasma 25(OH)D concentration and infant infections using Spearman correlations. Maternal 25(OH)D concentration was inversely correlated with the number of all infections (p = 0.033), eye, ear, nose, and throat (EENT) infections (p = 0.043), and skin infection (p = 0.021) in the first 6 months. A model that included maternal education, income, and 25(OH)D identified maternal education as the only significant predictor of infection risk in the first 6 months (p = 0.045); however, maternal education, income, and 25(OH)D were all significantly lower in AA women compared to non-AA women . The high degree of correlation between these variables does not allow determination of which factor is driving the risk of infection; however, the one that is most easily remediated is vitamin D status. It would be of value to learn if vitamin D supplementation in this at-risk group could ameliorate at least part of the increased infection risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T13:06:51Z","timestamp":1516712811000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Maternal Vitamin D Status and Infant Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Moukarzel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, Health Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlies","family":"Ozias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoscience Medical Affairs, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 345 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10154, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Christifano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Wick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Vitamin D and the promotion of long-term metabolic health from a programming perspective","volume":"8","author":"Palaniswamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. 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