{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:21:03Z","timestamp":1776068463641,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]],"date-time":"2018-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Excellence Cluster \u201cInflammation at Interfaces\u201d","award":["EXC306 and EXC306\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC306 and EXC306\/2"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research","award":["01EY1103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EY1103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In addition to well-established risk factors like older age, female gender, and adiposity, oxidative stress may play a role in the pathophysiology of gallstone disease. Since vitamin E exerts important anti-oxidative functions, we hypothesized that circulating vitamin E levels might be inversely associated with prevalence of gallstone disease. In a cross-sectional study, we measured plasma levels of \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherol using high performance liquid chromatography in a community-based sample (582 individuals; median age 62 years; 38.5% women). Gallstone disease status was assessed by ultrasound. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of circulating \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherol\/cholesterol ratio levels with prevalent gallstone disease. Lower probabilities of having gallstone disease were observed in the top (compared to the bottom) tertile of the plasma \u03b1-tocopherol\/cholesterol ratio in multivariable-adjusted models (OR (Odds Ratio): 0.31; 95% CI (Confidence Interval): 0.13\u20130.76). A lower probability of having gallstone disease was also observed for the \u03b3-tocopherol\/cholesterol ratio, though the association did not reach statistical significance (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.35\u20131.69 for 3rd vs 1st tertile). In conclusion, our observations are consistent with the concept that higher vitamin E levels might protect from gallstone disease, a premise that needs to be further addressed in longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T07:46:20Z","timestamp":1517211980000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Association of Circulating Vitamin E (\u03b1- and \u03b3-Tocopherol) Levels with Gallstone Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-9676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Waniek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Di Giuseppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tuba","family":"Esatbeyoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilka","family":"Ratjen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Enderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Biobank PopGen, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"N\u00f6thlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manja","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Schlesinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ) at Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7888-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald","family":"Rimbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Biobank PopGen, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.05.004","article-title":"Gallstone disease: Epidemiology of gallbladder stone disease","volume":"20","author":"Shaffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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