{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:53:42Z","timestamp":1784735622363,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Sport and Tourism of the Republic of Poland","award":["(2016)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2016)"]}]},{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["(2015-2017)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2015-2017)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D may influence iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, whereas iron is essential for vitamin D synthesis. We examined whether vitamin D deficiencies (VDD) are associated with reduced iron status and whether progressive iron deficiency (ID) is accompanied by inferior vitamin D status. The study included 219 healthy female (14\u201334 years old) athletes. VDD was defined as a 25(OH)D concentration &lt; 75 nmol\/L. ID was classified based on ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and blood morphology indices. The percentage of ID subjects was higher (32%) in the VDD group than in the 25(OH)D sufficient group (11%) (\u03c72 = 10.6; p = 0.001). The percentage of VDD subjects was higher (75%) in the ID than in the normal iron status group (48%) (\u03c72 = 15.6; p = 0.001). The odds ratios (ORs) for VDD increased from 1.75 (95% CI 1.02\u20132.99; p = 0.040) to 4.6 (95% CI 1.81\u201311.65; p = 0.001) with progressing iron deficiency. ID was dependent on VDD in both VDD groups (25(OH)D &lt; 75 and &lt; 50 nmol\/L). The ID group had a lower 25(OH)D concentration (p = 0.000). The VDD group had lower ferritin (p = 0.043) and iron (p = 0.004) concentrations and higher values of TIBC (p = 0.016) and sTfR (p = 0.001). The current results confirm the association between vitamin D and iron status in female athletes, although it is difficult to assess exactly which of these nutrients exerts a stronger influence over the other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]],"date-time":"2018-01-31T12:41:24Z","timestamp":1517402484000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The Association between Iron and Vitamin D Status in Female Elite Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9574-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Malczewska-Lenczowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Sitkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Sura\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Orysiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Szczepa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Physiology and Dietetics, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Witek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Sport, National Research Institute, Trylogii 2\/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-7802.195212","article-title":"Effects of iron on Vitamin D metabolism: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Vafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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