{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1781848863450,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to serious health problems, whilst sub-optimal status is associated with raised biochemical markers of disease risk. Identifying at-risk groups could benefit both individuals and public health. Dietary data were sourced from the New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey 2008\/2009, involving a nationally representative sample of 4721 participants. Ethnic groupings were by regional origin: M\u0101ori and Pacific Islands, New Zealand European, East and South-East Asian, and South Asian. Diets were assessed using 24-h recalls and from responses to a questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained from a subset (n = 3348). The mean (95% CI) vitamin B12 intake of the M\u0101ori and Pacific Islands group was 5.1 (4.7, 5.5) \u00b5g\/day, New Zealand Europeans 4.1 (3.8, 4.3) \u00b5g\/day, East and South-East Asians 4.5 (3.7, 5.3) \u00b5g\/day, and South Asians 3.0 (2.5, 3.6) \u00b5g\/day. Overall, 20.1% of the sample had vitamin B12 inadequacy (&lt;221 pmol\/L). South Asians had the lowest vitamin B12 concentration at 282 (251, 312) pmol\/L, whilst M\u0101ori\/Pacific and East\/South-East Asians had the highest, at 426 (386, 466) and 425 (412, 437) pmol\/L, respectively. The main dietary determinant of serum vitamin B12 concentration was whether or not people ate red meat, with a regression coefficient of 27.0 (95% CI: 6.6, 47.5). It would be helpful for health agencies to be aware of the potential for compromised vitamin B12 status in South Asian communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T12:20:29Z","timestamp":1518006029000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Vitamin B12 Status of Various Ethnic Groups Living in New Zealand: An Analysis of the Adult Nutrition Survey 2008\/2009"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Asika","family":"Devi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7713-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, PB 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"},{"name":"Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernard","family":"Venn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, R.S. (2005). Assessment of nutrient intakes from food consumption data. Principles of Nutritional Assessment, Oxford University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195171693.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3181\/0703-MR-67","article-title":"Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability","volume":"232","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-55","article-title":"Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets\u2014The Indian Migration Study (IMS)","volume":"13","author":"Shridhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. 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