{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:52:41Z","timestamp":1790635961246,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]],"date-time":"2018-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin is the third most zinc (Zn)-abundant tissue in the body. The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, and each fraction is composed of various types of cells. Firstly, we review the physiological functions of Zn and Zn transporters in these cells. Several human disorders accompanied with skin manifestations are caused by mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters; acrodermatitis enteropathica (Zrt-, Irt-like protein (ZIP)4 in the intestinal epithelium and possibly epidermal basal keratinocytes), the spondylocheiro dysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (ZIP13 in the dermal fibroblasts), transient neonatal Zn deficiency (Zn transporter (ZnT)2 in the secretory vesicles of mammary glands), and epidermodysplasia verruciformis (ZnT1 in the epidermal keratinocytes). Additionally, acquired Zn deficiency is deeply involved in the development of some diseases related to nutritional deficiencies (acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica, necrolytic migratory erythema, pellagra, and biotin deficiency), alopecia, and delayed wound healing. Therefore, it is important to associate the existence of mutations or dysregulation in Zn transporters and Zn deficiency with skin manifestations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T10:50:38Z","timestamp":1518432638000},"page":"199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Zinc and Skin Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2635-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youichi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manao","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuyoshi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills, C.F. (1989). Physiology of zinc: General aspects. Zinc in Human Biology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-3879-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555560295299","article-title":"Zinc in epidermis and dermis in healthy subjects","volume":"60","author":"Michaelsson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21451","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.560821","article-title":"ZIP2 protein, a zinc transporter, is associated with keratinocyte differentiation","volume":"289","author":"Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"588","article-title":"Heavy metals in rat mast cell granules","volume":"17","author":"Gustafson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb08066.x","article-title":"Distribution of mast cells in human dermis: Development of a mapping technique","volume":"100","author":"Cowen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05090.x","article-title":"Pattern analysis of human cutaneous mast cell populations by total body surface mapping","volume":"148","author":"Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2014","article-title":"The physiological, biochemical, and molecular roles of zinc transporters in zinc homeostasis and metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Kambe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1192-y","article-title":"The ABCs of solute carriers: Physiological, pathological and therapeutic implications of human membrane transport proteins","volume":"447","author":"Hediger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1074-3","article-title":"The SLC39 family of metal ion transporters","volume":"447","author":"Eide","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1070-7","article-title":"Efflux and compartmentalization of zinc by members of the SLC30 family of solute carriers","volume":"447","author":"Palmiter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(03)00081-7","article-title":"Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: Zinc and metallothioneins","volume":"57","author":"Tapiero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2016.06.003","article-title":"Zinc and skin biology","volume":"611","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreini, C., Bertini, I., and Cavallaro, G. (2011). Minimal functional sites allow a classification of zinc sites in proteins. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026325"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2011.11.020","article-title":"A bioinformatics view of zinc enzymes","volume":"111","author":"Andreini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5252.1081","article-title":"The galvanization of biology: A growing appreciation for the roles of zinc","volume":"271","author":"Berg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-011-0797-4","article-title":"Zinc homeostasis and signaling in health and diseases: Zinc signaling","volume":"16","author":"Fukada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-010909-095056","article-title":"The discovery of zinc fingers and their applications in gene regulation and genome manipulation","volume":"79","author":"Klug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-440X(00)00167-6","article-title":"Zinc finger proteins: New insights into structural and functional diversity","volume":"11","author":"Laity","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050361j","article-title":"Counting the zinc-proteins encoded in the human genome","volume":"5","author":"Andreini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MT00287C","article-title":"Effects of non-toxic zinc exposure on human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"7","author":"Emri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1086\/315914","article-title":"Intracellular zinc depletion induces caspase activation and p21Waf1\/Cip1 cleavage in human epithelial cell lines","volume":"182","author":"Chai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1711.2005.01391.x","article-title":"Apoptosis may underlie the pathology of zinc-deficient skin","volume":"84","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(91)90042-S","article-title":"Effect of zinc deficiency on keratins in buccal epithelium of rats","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555751923","article-title":"Protective effect of zinc on keratinocyte activation markers induced by interferon or nickel","volume":"75","author":"Gueniche","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(99)00062-6","article-title":"Suppressive effect of zinc ion on iNOS expression induced by interferon-\u03b3 or tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in murine keratinocytes","volume":"23","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessels, I., Maywald, M., and Rink, L. (2017). Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.028","article-title":"An acrodermatitis enteropathica-associated Zn transporter, ZIP4, Regulates human epidermal homeostasis","volume":"137","author":"Bin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12243","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710726114","article-title":"Requirement of zinc transporter ZIP10 for epidermal development: Implication of the ZIP10-p63 axis in epithelial homeostasis","volume":"114","author":"Bin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/00313028709066555","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of metallothionein in cell nucleus and cytoplasm of fetal human liver and kidney and its changes during development","volume":"19","author":"Nartey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-9-54","article-title":"A review of metallothionein isoforms and their role in pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Thirumoorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00375845","article-title":"Distribution of metallothionein in normal and pathological human skin","volume":"286","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-012-9513-0","article-title":"Expression of metallothioneins in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis","volume":"18","author":"Zamirska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00125.x","article-title":"Epidermal proliferation of the skin in metallothionein-null mice","volume":"110","author":"Hanada","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.09.028","article-title":"Metallothionein isoform 3 expression in human skin, related cancers and human skin derived cell cultures","volume":"232","author":"Slusser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-014-9805-7","article-title":"Metallothionein 3 expression in normal skin and malignant skin lesions","volume":"21","author":"Pula","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7250","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00189a029","article-title":"Induction of a new metallothionein isoform (MT-IV) occurs during differentiation of stratified squamous epithelia","volume":"33","author":"Quaife","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2455","article-title":"Origin, homeostasis and function of Langerhans cells and other langerin-expressing dendritic cells","volume":"8","author":"Merad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.08.015","article-title":"Acrodermatitis enteropathica and an overview of zinc metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Maverakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.10.003","article-title":"Genetic causes and gene-nutrient interactions in mammalian zinc deficiencies: Acrodermatitis enteropathica and transient neonatal zinc deficiency as examples","volume":"29","author":"Kasana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58618","article-title":"Severe dermatitis with loss of epidermal Langerhans cells in human and mouse zinc deficiency","volume":"122","author":"Kawamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2417","article-title":"A role for endogenous transforming growth factor \u03b21 in Langerhans cell biology: The skin of transforming growth factor \u03b21 null mice is devoid of epidermal Langerhans cells","volume":"184","author":"Borkowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1042\/CBI20110050","article-title":"ZNF580, a novel C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor, interacts with the TGF-\u03b2 signal molecule Smad2","volume":"35","author":"Luo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000480306","article-title":"Increases in intracellular zinc enhance proliferative signaling as well as mitochondrial and endolysosomal activity in human melanocytes","volume":"43","author":"Rudolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05472.x","article-title":"Metallothionein-overexpression as a prognostic factor for progression and survival in melanoma. A prospective study on 520 patients","volume":"149","author":"Weinlich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04653.x","article-title":"Correlation among metallothionein expression, intratumoural macrophage infiltration and the risk of metastasis in human cutaneous malignant melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Emri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762343","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6762343","article-title":"Roles of zinc signaling in the immune system","volume":"2016","author":"Hojyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082533","article-title":"Zinc transporter Znt5\/Slc30a5 is required for the mast cell-mediated delayed-type allergic reaction but not the immediate-type reaction","volume":"206","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.2.1296","article-title":"Zinc is required for Fc\u03b5RI-mediated mast cell activation","volume":"177","author":"Kabu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1373","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-mediated regulation of zinc homeostasis influences dendritic cell function","volume":"7","author":"Kitamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19860010","article-title":"T-lymphocyte subsets and interleukin-2 production in zinc-deficient rats","volume":"55","author":"Dowd","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.1.457","article-title":"Impairment of cell-mediated immunity functions by dietary zinc deficiency in mice","volume":"76","author":"Fernandes","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)91888-8","article-title":"Effect of zinc on thymus of recently malnourished children","volume":"2","author":"Golden","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/109.11.1847","article-title":"The role of corticosterone in the loss in immune function in the zinc-deficient A\/J mouse","volume":"109","author":"Fraker","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1208759","article-title":"Zinc transporter ZIP8 (SLC39A8) and zinc influence IFN-\u03b3 expression in activated human T cells","volume":"86","author":"Aydemir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.09.006","article-title":"Changes in Zn homeostasis during long term culture of primary endothelial cells and effects of Zn on endothelial cell senescence","volume":"99","author":"Malavolta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.6b00035","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity, adhesion, and proliferation of human vascular cells exposed to zinc","volume":"2","author":"Shearier","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2015.04.003","article-title":"Zn(II) released from zinc oxide nano\/micro particles suppresses vasculogenesis in human endothelial colony-forming cells","volume":"2","author":"Ichihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1159\/000365550","article-title":"Expression, regulation and function of human metallothioneins in endothelial cells","volume":"51","author":"Schulkens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.5.1414","article-title":"Zinc has an insulin-like effect on glucose transport mediated by phosphoinositol-3-kinase and Akt in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and adipocytes","volume":"131","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40255","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.256784","article-title":"Biochemical characterization of human ZIP13 protein: A homo-dimerized zinc transporter involved in the spondylocheiro dysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome","volume":"286","author":"Bin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukada, T., Civic, N., Furuichi, T., Shimoda, S., Mishima, K., Higashiyama, H., Idaira, Y., Asada, Y., Kitamura, H., and Yamasaki, S. (2008). The zinc transporter SLC39A13\/ZIP13 is required for connective tissue development; its involvement in BMP\/TGF-\u03b2 signaling pathways. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/a6c35a12-e8eb-43a0-9d00-5078fa6da1bb"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031183","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of HKE4, A member of the new LIV-1 subfamily of zinc transporters","volume":"377","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.03.031","article-title":"Requirement of zinc transporter SLC39A7\/ZIP7 for dermal development to fine-tune endoplasmic reticulum function by regulating protein disulfide isomerase","volume":"137","author":"Bin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201303809","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by mutant ZIP13 proteins","volume":"6","author":"Bin","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.007","article-title":"Brown and beige fat: Physiological roles beyond heat generation","volume":"22","author":"Kajimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3361","article-title":"Brown and beige fat: Development, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Harms","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.01.019","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 agonists induce a white-to-brown fat conversion through stabilization of PRDM16 protein","volume":"15","author":"Ohno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-052110-115718","article-title":"Adipogenesis: From stem cell to adipocyte","volume":"81","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fukunaka, A., Fukada, T., Bhin, J., Suzuki, L., Tsuzuki, T., Takamine, Y., Bin, B.H., Yoshihara, T., Ichinoseki-Sekine, N., and Naito, H. (2017). Zinc transporter ZIP13 suppresses beige adipocyte biogenesis and energy expenditure by regulating C\/EBP-\u03b2 expression. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006950"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5340","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0536","article-title":"Preadipocytes mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in primary cultures of newly differentiated human adipocytes","volume":"147","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0502257102","article-title":"Interleukin-6 regulates the zinc transporter Zip14 in liver and contributes to the hypozincemia of the acute-phase response","volume":"102","author":"Liuzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E258","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00421.2015","article-title":"Zinc transporter Slc39a14 regulates inflammatory signaling associated with hypertrophic adiposity","volume":"310","author":"Troche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1395-0","article-title":"Emerging roles of zinc finger proteins in regulating adipogenesis","volume":"70","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20988","article-title":"An update on mutations of the SLC39A4 gene in acrodermatitis enteropathica","volume":"30","author":"Schmitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.4.785","article-title":"Mechanisms of release of nucleotides and integration of their action as P2X- and P2Y-receptor activating molecules","volume":"64","author":"Lazarowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031089","article-title":"Ca2+ waves in keratinocytes are transmitted to sensory neurons: The involvement of extracellular ATP and P2Y2 receptor activation","volume":"380","author":"Koizumi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0402-358","article-title":"CD39 is the dominant Langerhans cell-associated ecto-NTPDase: Modulatory roles in inflammation and immune responsiveness","volume":"8","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, C.L., Yang, C.Y., Lin, W.J., and Lin, C.H. (2013). Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 modulates local ATP-induced calcium signaling in human HaCaT keratinocytes. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057666"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.05.001","article-title":"Spondylocheiro dysplastic form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome\u2014An autosomal-recessive entity caused by mutations in the zinc transporter gene SLC39A13","volume":"82","author":"Giunta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.05.001","article-title":"Macronutrient, mineral and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women","volume":"19","author":"Yamawaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1197-292","article-title":"A novel gene involved in zinc transport is deficient in the lethal milk mouse","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39699","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605821200","article-title":"Identification of a mutation in SLC30A2 (ZnT-2) in women with low milk zinc concentration that results in transient neonatal zinc deficiency","volume":"281","author":"Chowanadisai","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.368159","article-title":"A dominant negative heterozygous G87R mutation in the zinc transporter, ZnT-2 (SLC30A2), results in transient neonatal zinc deficiency","volume":"287","author":"Lasry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itsumura, N., Inamo, Y., Okazaki, F., Teranishi, F., Narita, H., Kambe, T., and Kodama, H. (2013). Compound heterozygous mutations in SLC30A2\/ZnT2 results in low milk zinc concentrations: A novel mechanism for zinc deficiency in a breast-fed infant. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064045"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259189","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/259189","article-title":"Transient neonatal zinc deficiency caused by a heterozygous G87R mutation in the Zinc transporter ZnT-2 (SLC30A2) Gene in the mother highlighting the importance of Zn2+ for normal growth and development","volume":"2013","author":"Miletta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071311","article-title":"Regulation of cellular zinc balance as a potential mechanism of EVER-mediated protection against pathogenesis by cutaneous oncogenic human papillomaviruses","volume":"205","author":"Lazarczyk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"59","article-title":"Host defenses against human papillomaviruses: Lessons from epidermodysplasia verruciformis","volume":"321","author":"Orth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00996.x","article-title":"Evidence for a nonallelic heterogeneity of epidermodysplasia verruciformis with two susceptibility loci mapped to chromosome regions 2p21-p24 and 17q25","volume":"114","author":"Ramoz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1044","article-title":"Mutations in two adjacent novel genes are associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis","volume":"32","author":"Ramoz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.10.4792-4798.1990","article-title":"A member of the activator protein 1 family found in keratinocytes but not in fibroblasts required for transcription from a human papillomavirus type 18 promoter","volume":"64","author":"Offord","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.204","article-title":"The relationship between zinc intake and growth in children aged 1\u20138 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Stammers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000151","article-title":"Zinc deficiency in infants and children: A review of its complex and synergistic interactions","volume":"34","author":"Krebs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr. Int. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1159\/000348263","article-title":"Zinc supplementation in public health","volume":"62","author":"Penny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11262","article-title":"Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: A population-based birth cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70478-5","article-title":"Iatrogenic necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report and review of nonglucagonoma-associated necrolytic migratory erythema","volume":"38","author":"Mullans","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01660.x","article-title":"Peripheral amino acid and fatty acid infusion for the treatment of necrolytic migratory erythema in the glucagonoma syndrome","volume":"57","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"4","article-title":"Etiology and pathogenesis of necrolytic migratory erythema: Review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Tierney","year":"2004","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"531","article-title":"The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: A clinical review","volume":"151","author":"Lips","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688207500215","article-title":"Atypical necrolytic migratory erythema in association with a jejunal adenocarcinoma","volume":"75","author":"Walker","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80023-X","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema with elevated plasma enteroglucagon in celiac disease","volume":"96","author":"Kelly","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14773.x","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma: The role of dietary essential fatty acids","volume":"125","author":"Blackford","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-8663(05)81425-0","article-title":"Isolated zinc deficiency and necrolytic migratory erythema. Apropos of a case","volume":"14","author":"Kerleau","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Interne"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(94)70033-8","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema: A report of three cases","volume":"30","author":"Thorisdottir","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90345-3","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma in patients with liver disease","volume":"32","author":"Marinkovich","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1997.tb01583.x","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema-like eruption in zinc deficiency associated with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"137","author":"Delaporte","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1997.6761623.x","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema and zinc deficiency","volume":"136","author":"Sinclair","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"660","article-title":"Propionic acidemia and zinc deficiency presenting as necrolytic migratory erythema","volume":"25","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01702.x","article-title":"Exfoliative erythema of malnutrition with zinc and essential amino acid deficiency","volume":"30","author":"Topham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2006.00131.x","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema without glucagonoma in a patient with short bowel syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Nakashima","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1992.tb01243.x","article-title":"Necrolytic migratory erythema due to zinc deficiency","volume":"127","author":"Healy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.11.001","article-title":"Reduction in epidermal Langerhans cells in patients with necrolytic migratory erythema","volume":"50","author":"Rokunohe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443","article-title":"Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside: A molecular evaluation of NAD+ precursor vitamins in human nutrition","volume":"28","author":"Bogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200093030-00005","article-title":"Pellagra in the United States: A historical perspective","volume":"93","author":"Rajakumar","year":"2000","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"207","article-title":"The aetiology of pellagra: A review of current theories","volume":"54","author":"Chick","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02973","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 is critical for the development of niacin-deficiency-induced photosensitivity via ROS production","volume":"3","author":"Sugita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"297","article-title":"Assessment of zinc nutritional status of pellagra patients","volume":"30","author":"Vannucchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000654","article-title":"Depletion of Epidermal Langerhans Cells in the Skin Lesions of Pellagra Patients","volume":"39","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.8","article-title":"Biotin","volume":"35","author":"Zempleni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"296","article-title":"Skin manifestations of biotin deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Mock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/118.3.342","article-title":"Effects of biotin deficiency on serum fatty acid composition: Evidence for abnormalities in humans","volume":"118","author":"Mock","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198809000-00023","article-title":"Effects of biotin deficiency on plasma and tissue fatty acid composition: Evidence for abnormalities in rats","volume":"24","author":"Mock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/114.11.2047","article-title":"Effects of biotin deficiency on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in rats","volume":"114","author":"Kramer","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/44.4.475","article-title":"Effect of biotin deficiency and supplementation on lipid metabolism in rats: Saturated fatty acids","volume":"44","author":"Suchy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607185009006760","article-title":"Biotin deficiency during total parenteral nutrition: Its clinical manifestation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid level","volume":"9","author":"Matsusue","year":"1985","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00982.x","article-title":"Intractable diaper dermatitis as an early sign of biotin deficiency","volume":"87","author":"Higuchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"1795","article-title":"Zinc and biotin deficiency during prolonged parenteral nutrition in the infant","volume":"16","author":"Lagier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607184008003311","article-title":"Biotin deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome during home parenteral nutrition","volume":"8","author":"Khalidi","year":"1984","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14171.x","article-title":"Biotin deficiency in an infant fed with amino acid formula and hypoallergenic rice","volume":"85","author":"Higuchi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00758.x","article-title":"Biotin deficiency in an infant fed with amino acid formula","volume":"32","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.1998.tb01476.x","article-title":"Acquired scalp alopecia. Part I: A review","volume":"39","author":"Sullivan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2012.08.015","article-title":"Nutrition and hair: Deficiencies and supplements","volume":"31","author":"Finner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01443.x","article-title":"Oral zinc therapy for zinc deficiency-related telogen effluvium","volume":"25","author":"Karashima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2013.25.4.405","article-title":"Analysis of serum zinc and copper concentrations in hair loss","volume":"25","author":"Kil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92287-4","article-title":"Letter: Low hair-zinc concentrations in acrodermatitis enteropathica","volume":"1","author":"Amador","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1986.tb00529.x","article-title":"Polarization microscopy of hair in acrodermatitis enteropathica","volume":"3","author":"Traupe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555559177178","article-title":"The hair in acrodermatitis interopathica\u2014A disease indicator?","volume":"59","author":"Dupre","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/22.3.223","article-title":"Histological studies of the tissues of rats fed a diet extremely low in zinc","volume":"22","author":"Follis","year":"1941","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Hsu, J.N. (1976). Zinc as Related to Cystine Metabolism, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)84267-3","article-title":"The cystine content of hair and other epidermal tissues","volume":"73","author":"Wilson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/33.1.27","article-title":"Some effects of dietary zinc deficiency in the mouse","volume":"33","author":"Day","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/95.1.8","article-title":"Severe zinc deficiency in male and female rats","volume":"95","author":"Swenerton","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1933.107.1.146","article-title":"Zinc in the nutrition of the rat","volume":"107","author":"Todd","year":"1933","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1258\/002367774780943913","article-title":"Zinc deficiency in female rabbits","volume":"8","author":"Shaw","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3645","article-title":"Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition","volume":"20","author":"Xing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09114","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"466","author":"Petukhova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07377.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata","volume":"155","author":"McElwee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2009.21.2.142","article-title":"The therapeutic effect and the changed serum zinc level after zinc supplementation in alopecia areata patients who had a low serum zinc level","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45216","article-title":"Trace element levels in alopecia areata","volume":"75","author":"Bhat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12769","article-title":"Evaluation of serum zinc level in patients with newly diagnosed and resistant alopecia areata","volume":"55","author":"Atef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2006.00179.x","article-title":"Zinc in wound healing: Theoretical, experimental, and clinical aspects","volume":"15","author":"Lansdown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.2005.31729","article-title":"Zinc and skin health: Overview of physiology and pharmacology","volume":"31","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.12.1556","article-title":"Does oral zinc aid the healing of chronic leg ulcers? A systematic literature review","volume":"134","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"97","article-title":"Topical treatment of pressure ulcers. A randomized comparative trial of Varidase and zinc oxide","volume":"19","author":"Agren","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"1","article-title":"Studies on zinc in wound healing","volume":"154","author":"Agren","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-010-0517-1","article-title":"GPR39, a Zn2+-activated G protein-coupled receptor that regulates pancreatic, gastrointestinal and neuronal functions","volume":"68","author":"Popovics","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26097","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.107490","article-title":"Zinc released from injured cells is acting via the Zn2+-sensing receptor, ZnR, to trigger signaling leading to epithelial repair","volume":"285","author":"Sharir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.10.001","article-title":"Skin and its regenerative powers: An alliance between stem cells and their niche","volume":"43","author":"Gonzales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7913","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07913","article-title":"GPR39 marks specific cells within the sebaceous gland and contributes to skin wound healing","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1984.tb06630.x","article-title":"Low serum zinc in children with atopic eczema","volume":"111","author":"David","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1772","article-title":"Hair zinc levels and the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"52","article-title":"Evaluation of the serum zinc level in erosive and non-erosive oral lichen planus","volume":"15","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.6.1037","article-title":"Determination of trace elements in blood serum of patients with Behcet disease by total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis","volume":"39","author":"Dogan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-002-0195-x","article-title":"Trace elements and antioxidant enzymes in Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Saglam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.04968.x","article-title":"Serum zinc and copper status in Iranian patients with pemphigus vulgaris","volume":"50","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1993.tb03823.x","article-title":"Analyses of serum copper and zinc levels and copper\/zinc ratios in skin diseases","volume":"20","author":"Tasaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2004.01067.x","article-title":"Vitamin and trace metal levels in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"18","author":"Vrillat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1989.01670150064009","article-title":"Blood vitamin and trace metal levels in epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"125","author":"Fine","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Rostami, M.M., Safavi, A.N., Iranparvar, A.M., Maleki, N., and Aghabalaei, D.M. (2017). Evaluation of the serum zinc level in adult patients with melasma: Is there a relationship with serum zinc deficiency and melasma?. J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132454","article-title":"Reprogramming of the immune system during zinc deficiency","volume":"24","author":"Fraker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/2\/199\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:54:39Z","timestamp":1760194479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/2\/199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10020199"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10020199","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,11]]}}}