{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:34:51Z","timestamp":1781505291096,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Norway has been considered iodine replete for decades; however, recent studies indicate reemergence of inadequate iodine status in different population groups. We assessed iodine status in pregnant women based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and iodine intake from food and supplements. In 804 pregnant women, 24-h iodine intakes from iodine-rich foods and iodine-containing supplements were calculated. In 777 women, iodine concentration was measured in spot urine samples by inductively coupled plasma\/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, 49 of the women collected a 24-h urine sample for assessment of UIE and iodine intake from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Median UIC was 92 \u00b5g\/L. Fifty-five percent had a calculated iodine intake below estimated average requirement (EAR) (160 \u00b5g\/day). Iodine intake from food alone did not provide the amount of iodine required to meet maternal and fetal needs during pregnancy. In multiple regression models, hypothyroidism, supplemental iodine and maternal age were positively associated with UIC, while gestational age and smoking were negatively associated, explaining 11% of the variance. This study clearly shows that pregnant women in the Oslo area are mild to moderate iodine deficient and public health strategies are needed to improve and secure adequate iodine status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]],"date-time":"2018-02-28T12:54:12Z","timestamp":1519822452000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Suboptimal Iodine Status among Pregnant Women in the Oslo Area, Norway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0671-2688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrun","family":"Henjum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Aakre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Lilleengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Garnweidner-Holme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Borthne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zada","family":"Pajalic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Blix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet \u2014 Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Gjengedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Brants\u00e6ter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.250456","article-title":"Suboptimal Maternal Iodine Intake Is Associated with Impaired Child Neurodevelopment at 3 Years of Age in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"147","author":"Abel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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