{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:07:38Z","timestamp":1785215258061,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims of this study were to identify: (i) the proportion of women exceeding the caffeine intake guideline (&gt;200 mg\/day) during each trimester, accounting for point of pregnancy awareness; (ii) guideline adherence trajectories across pregnancy; (iii) maternal characteristics associated with trajectories; and (iv) association between adherence and growth restriction birth outcomes. Typical and maximal intake per consumption day for the first trimester (T1; pre- and post-pregnancy awareness), second (T2), and third trimester (T3) were recorded for a prospective cohort of pregnant Australian women with singleton births (n = 1232). Birth outcomes were birth weight, small for gestational age, and head circumference. For each period, participants were classified as abstinent, within (\u2264200 mg), or in excess (&gt;200 mg). Latent class growth analyses identified guideline adherence trajectories; regression analyses identified associations between adherence in each trimester and birth outcomes. The percentage of participants who reported caffeine use declined between T1 pre- and post-pregnancy awareness (89% to 68%), and increased in T2 and T3 (79% and 80%). Trajectories were: \u2018low consumption\u2019 (22%): low probability of any use; \u2018within-guideline\u2019 (70%): high probability of guideline adherence; and \u2018decreasing heavy use\u2019 (8%): decreasing probability of excess use. The latter two groups were more likely to report alcohol and tobacco use, and less likely to report planning pregnancy and fertility problems. Exceeding the guideline T1 pre-pregnancy awareness was associated with lower birth weight after covariate control (b = \u2212143.16, p = 0.011). Overall, high caffeine intake pre-pregnancy awareness occurs amongst a significant minority of women, and continued excess use post-pregnancy awareness is more common where pregnancy is unplanned. Excess caffeine consumption pre-pregnancy awareness may increase the risk for lower birth weight. Increasing awareness of the guideline in pregnancy and preconception health care may be warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T12:55:23Z","timestamp":1520427323000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Adherence to the Caffeine Intake Guideline during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delyse","family":"Hutchinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"McCormack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine (Psychology), University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Allsop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Mattick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.01561.x","article-title":"Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) in foods: A comprehensive review on consumption, functionality, safety, and regulatory matters","volume":"75","author":"Heckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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