{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:39Z","timestamp":1787029179071,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]],"date-time":"2018-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To assess the risk of mycotoxin exposure (aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, and zearalenone) in celiac disease (CD) breastfeeding mothers and healthy control mothers, as well as in their offspring, by quantifying these contaminants in breast milk. Study design: Thirty-five breastfeeding women with CD on a gluten-free diet and 30 healthy breastfeeding controls were recruited. Milk sampling was performed three times per day for three consecutive days. Mycotoxin content was investigated by an analytical method using immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorometric detection. Results: Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was detected in 37% of CD group samples (mean \u00b1 SD = 0.012 \u00b1 0.011 ng\/mL; range = 0.003\u20130.340 ng\/mL). The control group showed lower mean AFM1 concentration levels in 24% of the analyzed samples (0.009 \u00b1 0.007 ng\/mL; range = 0.003\u20130.067 ng\/mL, ANOVA on ranks, p-value &lt; 0.01). Ochratoxin A and zearalenone did not differ in both groups. Conclusion: Breast milk AFM1 contamination for both groups is lower than the European safety threshold. However, the estimated exposures of infants from CD mothers and control mothers was much higher (\u224315 times and \u224311 times, respectively) than the threshold set by the joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Since incongruities exist between JECFA and the European Union standard, a novel regulatory review of the available data on this topic is desirable. Protecting babies from a neglected risk of high AFM1 exposure requires prompt regulatory and food-control policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,12]],"date-time":"2018-03-12T13:13:48Z","timestamp":1520860428000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure in Breastfeeding Mothers with Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1473-2240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Valitutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4210-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mycotoxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Trovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Montuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4286-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Brera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Mycotoxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Catassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60123 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030713-092431","article-title":"Public health impacts of foodborne mycotoxins","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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