{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:33:45Z","timestamp":1791588825249,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]],"date-time":"2018-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study involved a randomized, controlled, single-blind 12-month treatment study of a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention. Participants were 67 children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 3\u201358 years from Arizona and 50 non-sibling neurotypical controls of similar age and gender. Treatment began with a special vitamin\/mineral supplement, and additional treatments were added sequentially, including essential fatty acids, Epsom salt baths, carnitine, digestive enzymes, and a healthy gluten-free, casein-free, soy-free (HGCSF) diet. There was a significant improvement in nonverbal intellectual ability in the treatment group compared to the non-treatment group (+6.7 \u00b1 11 IQ points vs. \u22120.6 \u00b1 11 IQ points, p = 0.009) based on a blinded clinical assessment. Based on semi-blinded assessment, the treatment group, compared to the non-treatment group, had significantly greater improvement in autism symptoms and developmental age. The treatment group had significantly greater increases in EPA, DHA, carnitine, and vitamins A, B2, B5, B6, B12, folic acid, and Coenzyme Q10. The positive results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutritional and dietary intervention is effective at improving nutritional status, non-verbal IQ, autism symptoms, and other symptoms in most individuals with ASD. Parents reported that the vitamin\/mineral supplements, essential fatty acids, and HGCSF diet were the most beneficial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Comprehensive Nutritional and Dietary Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder\u2014A Randomized, Controlled 12-Month Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8683-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapan","family":"Audhya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Diagnostics, South Amboy, NJ 08879, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Geis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Gehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Fimbres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Ingram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hellmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Allergy Associates, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Laake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana Laake Nutrition, Kensington, MD 20895, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nourishing Hope, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kefeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Naviaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Naviaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devon","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona State University, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport &amp; Energy, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Quig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctor\u2019s Data, St. Charles, IL 60174, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00155","article-title":"Dietary Supplement for Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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