{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:45:11Z","timestamp":1790279111401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]],"date-time":"2018-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) are two xanthophyll carotenoids that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Previous work has demonstrated their importance for eye health and preventing diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. An emerging literature base has also demonstrated the importance of L and Z in cognition, neural structure, and neural efficiency. The present study aimed to better understand the mechanisms by which L and Z relate to cognition, in particular, visual\u2013spatial processing and decision-making in older adults. We hypothesized that markers of higher levels of L and Z would be associated with better neural efficiency during a visual\u2013spatial processing task. L and Z were assessed via standard measurement of blood serum and retinal concentrations. Visual\u2013spatial processing and decision-making were assessed via a judgment of line orientation task (JLO) completed during a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher concentrations of L and Z showed a decreased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during task performance (i.e., \u201cneural efficiency\u201d) in key areas associated with visual\u2013spatial perception, processing, decision-making, and motor coordination, including the lateral occipital cortex, occipital pole, superior and middle temporal gyri, superior parietal lobule, superior and middle frontal gyri, and pre- and post-central gyri. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the relationship of L and Z to visual\u2013spatial processing at a neural level using in vivo methodology. Our findings suggest that L and Z may impact brain health and cognition in older adults by enhancing neurobiological efficiency in a variety of regions that support visual perception and decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual\u2013Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Mewborn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cutter","family":"Lindbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Gogniat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Terry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kharine","family":"Jean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4334-8202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Renzi-Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, Department of Health Promotions and Behavior, College of Public Health, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2013.11.011","article-title":"Cognitive decline, dietary factors and gut\u2013brain interactions","volume":"136","author":"Caracciolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. 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