{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:46:56Z","timestamp":1791888416902,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Louisiana State University Faculty Research Grant","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Louisiana State University Open Access Author Fund","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"NIH: NCCIH and the Office of Dietary Supplements","award":["P50AT002776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50AT002776"]}]},{"name":"NIH: NCCIH","award":["T32 AT004094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AT004094"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diminished bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of numerous vital biological functions, contributes to the development and progression of multiple age- and lifestyle-related diseases. While l-arginine is the precursor for the synthesis of NO by endothelial-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), oral l-arginine supplementation is largely ineffective at increasing NO synthesis and\/or bioavailability for a variety of reasons. l-citrulline, found in high concentrations in watermelon, is a neutral alpha-amino acid formed by enzymes in the mitochondria that also serves as a substrate for recycling l-arginine. Unlike l-arginine, l-citrulline is not quantitatively extracted from the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., enterocytes) or liver and its supplementation is therefore more effective at increasing l-arginine levels and NO synthesis. Supplementation with l-citrulline has shown promise as a blood pressure lowering intervention (both resting and stress-induced) in adults with pre-\/hypertension, with pre-clinical (animal) evidence for atherogenic-endothelial protection. Preliminary evidence is also available for l-citrulline-induced benefits to muscle and metabolic health (via vascular and non-vascular pathways) in susceptible\/older populations. In this review, we examine the impact of supplementing this important urea cycle intermediate on cardiovascular and metabolic health outcomes and identify future directions for investigating its therapeutic impact on cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1532052611000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["l-Citrulline Supplementation: Impact on Cardiometabolic Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Timothy","family":"Allerton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Dugas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Spielmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA"},{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.12.027","article-title":"Endothelial aging","volume":"66","author":"Brandes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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