{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:01:48Z","timestamp":1760241708020,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]],"date-time":"2018-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["contract numbers HHSN275201000020C, HHSN275201500003C, HHSN275201300026I, HSN275201100002I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["contract numbers HHSN275201000020C, HHSN275201500003C, HHSN275201300026I, HSN275201100002I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000912","name":"March of Dimes Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6-FY-96-0240, 6-FY97-0553, 6-FY97-0521, 6-FY00-407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-FY-96-0240, 6-FY97-0553, 6-FY97-0521, 6-FY00-407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000912","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant number 09-067124 and 11-115923), \u2018Centre for Fetal Programming\u2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 09-067124 and 11-115923), \u2018Centre for Fetal Programming\u2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","award":["grant number 9601842 and 22-03-0536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number 9601842 and 22-03-0536"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000724","name":"Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11\/263-96"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/263-96"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002129","name":"Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["96-2-4-83-22450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96-2-4-83-22450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactation is associated with reduced postpartum weight retention and a lower risk of several cardiometabolic disorders in population-based studies. We examined the association between lactation and long-term thyroid function among women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a high-risk population for subsequent metabolic complications. The study included 550 women who developed GDM in the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996\u20132002) and followed-up in the Diabetes &amp; Women\u2019s Health Study (2012\u20132014). We assessed adjusted associations between cumulative lactation duration and concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and free thyroxine (fT4) measured at follow-up. Women with longer cumulative lactation duration tended to have higher fT3 levels (adjusted \u03b2 and 95% confidence interval (CI) for \u226512 months vs. none: 0.19 (0.03\u20130.36); p-trend = 0.05). When restricted to women with a single lifetime pregnancy to control for parity (n = 70), women who lactated for &gt;6 months (vs. none) had higher fT3 levels (0.46 pmol\/L (0.12\u20130.80); p-trend = 0.02) and a higher fT3:fT4 ratio (0.61 (0.17\u20131.05); p-trend = 0.007). Our findings suggested that a longer duration of lactation may be related to greater serum fT3 levels and fT3:fT4 ratio 9\u201316 years postpartum among Danish women with a history of GDM. The association was particularly pronounced among women who only had one lifetime pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T02:58:56Z","timestamp":1532401136000},"page":"938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lactation Duration and Long-Term Thyroid Function: A Study among Women with Gestational Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pranati","family":"Panuganti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"},{"name":"The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-708X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Hinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shristi","family":"Rawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Health Professions, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Grunnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The Danish Diabetes Academy, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiyi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Thuesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Ley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sjurdur","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuilin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1097","article-title":"Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action","volume":"81","author":"Yen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. 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