{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T20:08:05Z","timestamp":1787861285404,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000221","name":"Canadian Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Respiratory Resaerch Network","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008794","name":"Research Manitoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breastfeeding has many established health benefits, but its impact on asthma development is uncertain. Breastfeeding appears to have a positive and dose-dependent impact on respiratory health, particularly during early childhood and in high-risk populations; however, the strength and causality of these associations are unclear. It is challenging to compare results across studies due to methodological differences and biological variation. Resolving these inconsistencies will require well-designed, prospective studies that accurately capture asthma diagnoses and infant feeding exposures (including breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and method of feeding), account for key confounders, evaluate dose effects, and consider effect modification and reverse causality. Mechanistic studies examining human milk bioactives and their impact on lung health and asthma development are beginning to emerge, and these will be important in establishing the causality and mechanistic basis of the observed associations between breastfeeding and asthma. In this review, we summarize current evidence on this topic, identify possible reasons for disagreement across studies, discuss potential mechanisms for a causal association, and provide recommendations for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T11:55:08Z","timestamp":1532951708000},"page":"995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Breastfeeding and the Developmental Origins of Asthma: Current Evidence, Possible Mechanisms, and Future Research Priorities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9614-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kozeta","family":"Miliku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070169","article-title":"Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: Phase III of the international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC)","volume":"62","author":"Pearce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"387","article-title":"Audit in acute severe asthma\u2013\u2013Who benefits?","volume":"27","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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