{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T22:35:46Z","timestamp":1790289346806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Whether there is a causal relationship between milk intake and acne is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that genetically determined milk intake is associated with acne in adults using a Mendelian randomization design. LCT-13910 C\/T (rs4988235) is associated with lactase persistence (TT\/TC) in Northern Europeans. We investigated the association between milk intake, LCT-13910 C\/T (rs4988235), and acne in 20,416 adults (age-range: 20\u201396) from The Danish General Suburban Population Study (GESUS). The adjusted observational odds ratio for acne in any milk intake vs. no milk intake was 0.93(95% confidence interval: 0.48\u20131.78) in females and 0.49(0.22\u20131.08) in males aged 20\u201339 years, and 1.15(95% confidence interval: 0.66\u20131.99) in females and 1.02(0.61\u20131.72) in males above 40 years. The unadjusted odds ratio for acne in TT+TC vs. CC was 0.84(0.43\u20131.62) in the age group 20\u201339 years, and 0.99(0.52\u20131.88) above 40 years. We did not find any observational or genetic association between milk intake and acne in our population of adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1533785628000},"page":"1041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Lactase Persistence, Milk Intake, and Adult Acne: A Mendelian Randomization Study of 20,416 Danish Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian R.","family":"Juhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle K. M.","family":"Bergholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, 4180 Sor\u00f8, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iben M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor B. E.","family":"Jemec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-4910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen K.","family":"Kanters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ellervik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, 4180 Sor\u00f8, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70442-6","article-title":"Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12149","article-title":"Epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"168","author":"Bhate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2003.618","article-title":"Management of acne: A report from a Global Alliance to Improve Outcomes in Acne","volume":"49","author":"Gollnick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.47","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and severity risk factors of acne in high school pupils: A community-based study","volume":"129","author":"Ghodsi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2722","article-title":"Acne vulgaris in women: Prevalence across the life span","volume":"21","author":"Perkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Womens Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60321-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"379","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15029","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Tuchayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.11.021","article-title":"Underestimated clinical features of postadolescent acne","volume":"63","author":"Capitanio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14385","article-title":"Genetic architecture of acne vulgaris","volume":"31","author":"Lichtenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12298","article-title":"Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions","volume":"28","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.08.007","article-title":"High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne","volume":"52","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/D377B9S0Z8","article-title":"Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls","volume":"12","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.049","article-title":"Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys","volume":"58","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12878","article-title":"The constellation of dietary factors in adolescent acne: A semantic connectivity map approach","volume":"30","author":"Grossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Karadag, A.S., Balta, I., Saricaoglu, H., Kilic, S., Kelekci, K.H., Yildirim, M., Arica, D.A., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, S., Karaman, G., and \u00c7erman, A.A. (2017). The effect of personal, familial, and environmental characteristics on acne vulgaris: A prospective, multicenter, case controlled study from Turkey. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkenstein, P., Machovcova, A., Szepietowski, J.C., Tennstedt, D., Veraldi, S., and Delarue, A. (2017). Acne prevalence and associations with lifestyle: A cross-sectional online survey of adolescents\/young adults in 7 European countries. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14475"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/ng826","article-title":"Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia","volume":"30","author":"Enattah","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh132","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Prospects, potentials, and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"A4693","article-title":"Study design, participation and characteristics of the Danish General Suburban Population Study","volume":"60","author":"Bergholdt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2003.05596.x","article-title":"Self-reported skin complaints: validation of a questionnaire for population surveys","volume":"149","author":"Dalgard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv109","article-title":"Milk intake is not associated with ischaemic heart disease in observational or Mendelian randomization analyses in 98 529 Danish adults","volume":"44","author":"Bergholdt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1159\/000057878","article-title":"Have oral contraceptives reduced the prevalence of acne? A population-based study of acne vulgaris, tobacco smoking and oral contraceptives","volume":"204","author":"Jemec","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dermatology."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"886","article-title":"Effects of hyperandrogenism and high body mass index on acne severity in women","volume":"35","author":"Alan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12757","article-title":"Large-scale international study enhances understanding of an emerging acne population: Adult females","volume":"29","author":"Dreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.06.060","article-title":"Adult female acne and associated risk factors: Results of a multicenter case-control study in Italy","volume":"75","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000366195","article-title":"Smoking and dietary factors associated with moderate-to-severe acne in French adolescents and young adults: results of a survey using a representative sample","volume":"230","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.018","article-title":"Family history, body mass index, selected dietary factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults","volume":"67","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13835","article-title":"Acne and dairy products in adolescence: Results from a Norwegian longitudinal study","volume":"31","author":"Ulvestad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhl, C.R., Berholdt, H.K.M., Miller, I.M., Jemec, G.B., Kanters, J.K., and Ellervik, C. (2018). Dietary intake and acne vulgaris: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 78,529 children, adolescents, and young adults. Nutrients, in press.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081049"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.08.001","article-title":"Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 can modulate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase\/Akt\/FoxO1 pathway in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro","volume":"415","author":"Mirdamadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-012-2458-0","article-title":"[Acne tarda. Acne in adults]","volume":"64","author":"Jansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000473860","article-title":"Acne Fulminans: Treatment Experience from 26 Patients","volume":"233","author":"Massa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.06.001","article-title":"Seasonal variation of acne and psoriasis: A 3-year study using the Physician Global Assessment severity scale","volume":"73","author":"Pascoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J., Swallow, D.M., and Thomas, M.G. (2010). A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-36"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/8\/1041\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:22Z","timestamp":1760195842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/8\/1041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10081041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10081041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]}}}