{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:22:27Z","timestamp":1790299347601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A meta-analysis can help inform the debate about the epidemiological evidence on dairy intake and development of acne. A systematic literature search of PubMed from inception to 11 December 2017 was performed to estimate the association of dairy intake and acne in children, adolescents, and young adults in observational studies. We estimated the pooled random effects odds ratio (OR) (95% CI), heterogeneity (I2-statistics, Q-statistics), and publication bias. We included 14 studies (n = 78,529; 23,046 acne-cases\/55,483 controls) aged 7\u201330 years. ORs for acne were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.15\u20131.36; p = 6.13 \u00d7 10\u22128) for any dairy, 1.22 (1.08\u20131.38; p = 1.62 \u00d7 10\u22123) for full-fat dairy, 1.28 (1.13\u20131.44; p = 8.23 \u00d7 10\u22125) for any milk, 1.22 (1.06\u20131.41; p = 6.66 \u00d7 10\u22123) for whole milk, 1.32 (1.16\u20131.52; p = 4.33 \u00d7 10\u22125) for low-fat\/skim milk, 1.22 (1.00\u20131.50; p = 5.21 \u00d7 10\u22122) for cheese, and 1.36 (1.05\u20131.77; p = 2.21 \u00d7 10\u22122) for yogurt compared to no intake. ORs per frequency of any milk intake were 1.24 (0.95\u20131.62) by 2\u20136 glasses per week, 1.41 (1.05\u20131.90) by 1 glass per day, and 1.43 (1.09\u20131.88) by \u22652 glasses per day compared to intake less than weekly. Adjusted results were attenuated and compared unadjusted. There was publication bias (p = 4.71 \u00d7 10\u22123), and heterogeneity in the meta-analyses were explained by dairy and study characteristics. In conclusion, any dairy, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, was associated with an increased OR for acne in individuals aged 7\u201330 years. However, results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity and bias across studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T10:36:31Z","timestamp":1533810991000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-4017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian R.","family":"Juhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle K. M.","family":"Bergholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, 4180 Sor\u00f8, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iben M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregor B. E.","family":"Jemec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen K.","family":"Kanters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-4375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ellervik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, 4180 Sor\u00f8, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60321-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"379","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15029","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.29","article-title":"Acne vulgaris","volume":"1","author":"Tuchayi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00924.x","article-title":"Role of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, hyperglycaemic food and milk consumption in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris","volume":"18","author":"Melnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12149","article-title":"Epidemiology of acne vulgaris","volume":"168","author":"Bhate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70442-6","article-title":"Recent findings in the epidemiologic evidence, classification, and subtypes of acne vulgaris","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.298.6682.1217","article-title":"Acne in schoolchildren: No longer a concern for dermatologists","volume":"298","author":"Rademaker","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.47","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and severity risk factors of acne in high school pupils: A community-based study","volume":"129","author":"Ghodsi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14820","article-title":"The influence of exposome on acne","volume":"32","author":"Dreno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x","article-title":"Diet and acne: A review of the evidence","volume":"48","author":"Spencer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-6-28","article-title":"Milk consumption and the prepubertal somatotropic axis","volume":"6","author":"Ganmaa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"852","article-title":"Dietary correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations","volume":"11","author":"Holmes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.019","article-title":"Association of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 gene polymorphisms with plasma levels of IGF-1 and acne severity","volume":"75","author":"Rahaman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2015.08.001","article-title":"Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 can modulate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase\/Akt\/FoxO1 pathway in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro","volume":"415","author":"Mirdamadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2011.04299.x","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism in acne vulgaris","volume":"27","author":"Tasli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.08.007","article-title":"High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne","volume":"52","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.049","article-title":"Milk consumption and acne in teenaged boys","volume":"58","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/D377B9S0Z8","article-title":"Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls","volume":"12","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, N.H., Manaf, Z.A., and Azizan, N.Z. (2012). High glycemic load diet, milk and ice cream consumption are related to acne vulgaris in Malaysian young adults: A case control study. BMC Dermatol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-12-13"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.018","article-title":"Family history, body mass index, selected dietary factors, menstrual history, and risk of moderate to severe acne in adolescents and young adults","volume":"67","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000366195","article-title":"Smoking and dietary factors associated with moderate-to-severe acne in French adolescents and young adults: Results of a survey using a representative sample","volume":"230","author":"Wolkenstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okoro, E.O., Ogunbiyi, A.O., George, A.O., and Subulade, M.O. (2016). Association of diet with acne vulgaris among adolescents in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria. Int. J. Dermatol.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13166"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerman, A.A., Aktas, E., Altunay, I.K., Arici, J.E., Tulunay, A., and Ozturk, F.Y. (2016). Dietary glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.02.1220"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12878","article-title":"The constellation of dietary factors in adolescent acne: A semantic connectivity map approach","volume":"30","author":"Grossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"768","article-title":"The influence of dietary patterns on acne vulgaris in Koreans","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulvestad, M., Bjertness, E., Dalgard, F., and Halvorsen, J.A. (2016). Acne and dairy products in adolescence: Results from a Norwegian longitudinal study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13835"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Karadag, A.S., Balta, I., Saricaoglu, H., Kilic, S., Kelekci, K.H., Yildirim, M., Arica, D.A., \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, S., Karaman, G., and Cerman, A.A. (2017). The effect of personal, familial, and environmental characteristics on acne vulgaris: A prospective, multicenter, case controlled study from Turkey. G. Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkenstein, P., Machovcova, A., Szepietowski, J.C., Tennstedt, D., Veraldi, S., and Delarue, A. (2017). Acne prevalence and associations with lifestyle: A cross-sectional online survey of adolescents\/young adults in 7 European countries. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14475"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"84","article-title":"The association of acne vulgaris with diet","volume":"88","author":"Veith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aghasi, M., Golzarand, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Aminianfar, A., Omidian, M., and Taheri, F. (2018). Dairy intake and acne development: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin. Nutr.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.015"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"212","article-title":"The Influence of Dietary Habits on Acne","volume":"8","author":"Tsoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"403","article-title":"Effect of Milk and Dairy Products upon Severity of Acne for Young People","volume":"24","author":"Tsoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Appl. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.11.010","article-title":"Relationships of self-reported dietary factors and perceived acne severity in a cohort of New York young adults","volume":"114","author":"Burris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1125","article-title":"Acne as seen by adolescents: Results of questionnaire study in 852 French individuals","volume":"91","author":"Poli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.6626","article-title":"Adult Acne: Prevalence and Portrayal in Primary Healthcare Patients, in the Greater Porto Area, Portugal","volume":"29","author":"Semedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta. Med. Port."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03360.x","article-title":"An investigation of the association between diet and occurrence of acne: a rational approach from a traditional Chinese medicine perspective","volume":"35","author":"Law","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"267","article-title":"Body mass index, selected dietary factors, and acne severity: Are they related to in situ expression of insulin-like growth factor-1?","volume":"36","author":"Seleit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Quant. Cytopathol. Histpathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12757","article-title":"Large-scale international study enhances understanding of an emerging acne population: Adult females","volume":"29","author":"Dreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.06.060","article-title":"Adult female acne and associated risk factors: Results of a multicenter case-control study in Italy","volume":"75","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494812454235","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and familial dysmetabolism as factors influencing the development of acne","volume":"40","author":"Skroza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.04.030","article-title":"Consumption of dairy in teenagers with and without acne","volume":"75","author":"LaRosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14409","article-title":"Skin expression of mammalian target of rapamycin and forkhead box transcription factor O1, and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with acne vulgaris and their relationship with diet","volume":"174","author":"Agamia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2017, December 12). Newcastle\u2014Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale Case Control Studies. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/nosgen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.11.2.193","article-title":"Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index?","volume":"11","author":"Botella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000475775","article-title":"Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris in 18-Year-Old Male Army Conscripts in a South Brazilian City","volume":"233","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12686","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of childhood acne in Korea: A cross-sectional community based study","volume":"40","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J., Swallow, D.M., and Thomas, M.G. (2010). A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evol. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-36"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Green, S. (2017, December 12). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Available online: http:\/\/handbook-5-1.cochrane.org\/."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000136655","article-title":"Validity of subject self-report for acne","volume":"217","author":"Menon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"102","article-title":"Foods as the cause of acne","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv109","article-title":"Milk intake is not associated with ischaemic heart disease in observational or Mendelian randomization analyses in 98,529 Danish adults","volume":"44","author":"Bergholdt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juhl, C.R., Bergholdt, H.K.M., Miller, I.M., Jemec, G.B., Kanters, J.K., and Ellervik, C. (2018). Lactase persistence, milk intake and adult acne: A Mendelian randomization study of 20,416 Danish adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081041"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006122","article-title":"Toward a new philosophy of preventive nutrition: From a reductionist to a holistic paradigm to improve nutritional recommendations","volume":"5","author":"Fardet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151548","article-title":"Whole dairy matrix or single nutrients in assessment of health effects: Current evidence and knowledge gaps","volume":"105","author":"Thorning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17048","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160817048","article-title":"Milk\u2014A Nutrient System of Mammalian Evolution Promoting mTORC1-Dependent Translation","volume":"16","author":"Melnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.006","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: The metabolic syndrome of the pilosebaceous follicle","volume":"36","author":"Melnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.1.107","article-title":"A low-glycemic-load diet improves symptoms in acne vulgaris patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.138.12.1584","article-title":"Acne vulgaris: A disease of Western civilization","volume":"138","author":"Cordain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601259","article-title":"Milk as a supplement to mixed meals may elevate postprandial insulinaemia","volume":"55","author":"Elmstahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/8\/1049\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:34Z","timestamp":1760195854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/10\/8\/1049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["nu10081049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10081049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]}}}