{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T18:59:40Z","timestamp":1784314780915,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Mitomasa Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia","award":["Code 703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Code 703"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2014\/SKK10\/UPM\/02\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2014\/SKK10\/UPM\/02\/11"]}]},{"name":"TWAS-COMSTECH Research Grant","award":["14-377RG\/PHA\/AS_C; UNESCO FR:3240283437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-377RG\/PHA\/AS_C; UNESCO FR:3240283437"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The incidence of prostate cancer malignancy along with other cancer types is increasing worldwide, resulting in high mortality rate due to lack of effective medications. Moringa oleifera has been used for the treatment of communicable and non-communicable ailments across tropical countries, yet, little has been documented regarding its effect on prostate cancer. We evaluated the acute toxicity and apoptosis inducing effect of glucomoringin-isothiocyanate rich soluble extracts (GMG-ITC-RSE) from M. oleifera in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Glucomoringin was isolated, identified, and characterized using fundamental analytical chemistry tools where Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, murine fibroblast (3T3), and human prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PC-3) were used for acute toxicity and bioassays experiments. GMG-ITC-RSE did not instigate adverse toxic reactions to the animals even at high doses (2000 mg\/kg body weight) and affected none of the vital organs in the rats. The extract exhibited high levels of safety in 3T3 cells, where more than 90% of the cells appeared viable when treated with the extract in a time-dependent manner even at high dose (250 \u00b5g\/mL). GMG-ITC-RSE significantly triggered morphological aberrations distinctive to apoptosis observed under microscope. These findings obviously revealed the putative safety of GMG-ITC-RSE in vivo and in vitro, in addition to its anti-proliferative effect on PC-3 cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]],"date-time":"2018-08-27T10:56:04Z","timestamp":1535367364000},"page":"1174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Nontoxic Glucomoringin-Isothiocyanate (GMG-ITC) Rich Soluble Extract Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of Human Prostate Adenocarcinoma Cells (PC-3)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6635-4931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Sani","family":"Jaafaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, 2336 Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Ashikin","family":"Abd Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas","family":"Mohamed Eliaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, El-Mergib University, El Khums, Libya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Maitalata Waziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kaduna State University, 2336 Kaduna, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5274-447X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamidu","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mustapha Barau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, 3474 Kano, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liliya","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mitomasa Sdn. Bhd., 13-1, Jalan L J 3, Taman Industri Lembah Jaya, 68000 Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Faizal","family":"Abdull Razis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biomolecular Medicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8571","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.20.8571","article-title":"Health benefits of Moringa oleifera","volume":"15","author":"Abdull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac. 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