{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T13:43:29Z","timestamp":1778161409220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The deficiency of vitamin D is prevalent all over the world. Studies have shown that vitamin D may play an important role in the development of obesity. The current study was conducted to quantitatively evaluate the association between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels and the risk of obesity in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies was carried out for that purpose. We searched the Medline, PubMed, and Embase databases throughout all of March 2018. A total of fifty five observational studies for both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects were finally included in the meta-analysis. The data were analyzed by comprehensive meta-analysis software version 3 and the random effects model was used to analyze the data. The meta-analysis showed an overall inverse relationship between serum vitamin D status and body mass index (BMI) in studies of both diabetic (r = \u22120.173, 95% = \u22120.241 to \u22120.103, p = 0.000) and non-diabetic (r = \u22120.152, 95% = \u22120.187 to \u22120.116, p = 0.000) subjects. The evidence of publication bias was not found in this meta-analysis. In conclusion, the deficiency of vitamin D is associated with an increased level of BMI in the studies of both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Reliable evidence from well-designed future randomized controlled trials is required to confirm the findings from observational studies and to find out the potential regulatory effects of vitamin D supplementation to lower BMI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:19:06Z","timestamp":1535458746000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Body Mass Index, Vitamin D, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2654-2927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamaila","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8042-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per Bendix","family":"Jeppesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/497256","article-title":"Multivariate path analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, inflammation, and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"35","author":"Kabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. 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