{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T23:29:06Z","timestamp":1773098946486,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1K01AI087724-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1K01AI087724-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR000454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19-AI057266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-AI057266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD052460-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD052460-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AI074492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AI074492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006939","name":"Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pediatric Center Seed Grant Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pediatric Center Seed Grant Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006939","name":"Emory University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Laney Graduate School Stipend"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Laney Graduate School Stipend"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006939","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012641","name":"International Pediatric Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International Collaborative Award for Research"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International Collaborative Award for Research"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PUP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PUP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects nearly 200 million children with negative health consequences. VAD can be measured by a retinol-binding protein (RBP) and serum retinol concentrations. Their concentrations are not always present in a 1:1 molar ratio and are affected by inflammation. This study sought to quantify VAD and its impact on infant mortality and infectious morbidity during the first 18 months of life in a cohort of mother-infant dyads in El Alto, Bolivia, while accounting for the previously mentioned measurement issues. Healthy mother-infant dyads (n = 461) were enrolled from two hospitals and followed for 12 to 18 months. Three serum samples were collected (at one to two, six to eight, and 12 to 18 months of infant age) and analyzed for RBP, and a random 10% subsample was analyzed for retinol. Linear regression of RBP on retinol was used to generate RBP cut-offs equivalent to retinol &lt;0.7 \u00b5mol\/L. All measures of RBP and retinol were adjusted for inflammation, which was measured by a C-reactive protein and alpha (1)-acid glycoprotein serum concentrations using linear regression. Infant mortality and morbidity rates were calculated and compared by early VAD status at two months of age. Retinol and RBP were weakly affected by inflammation. This association varied with infant age. Estimated VAD (RBP &lt; 0.7 \u00b5mol\/L) decreased from 71.0% to 14.8% to 7.7% at two, six to eight, and 12 to 18 months of age. VAD was almost nonexistent in mothers. Early VAD was not significantly associated with infant mortality or morbidity rates. This study confirmed a relationship between inflammation and vitamin A biomarkers for some subsets of the population and suggested that the vitamin A status in early infancy improves with age and may not have significantly affected morbidity in this population of healthy infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T10:38:38Z","timestamp":1536230318000},"page":"1240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Inflammation on Biomarkers of Vitamin A Status among a Cohort of Bolivian Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5678-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Ralph D.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Aceituno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulina A.","family":"Rebolledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Revollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio Departamental de Salud, La Paz, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan S.","family":"Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parminder S.","family":"Suchdev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Branch, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2009). 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